{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T12:59:56Z","timestamp":1780145996466,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ultraschall Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ultrasound plays a central role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of liver diseases. Assessing hepatic fibrosis is essential in chronic liver disease, and several diagnostic modalities are available. The gold standard remains percutaneous liver biopsy, an invasive method using a 16\u201318-gauge needle. A breakthrough came in 2003 with transient elastography (TE), a non-invasive technique that measures liver stiffness (kPa) via elastic wave propagation. Later, shear wave elastography (SWE), integrated into modern ultrasound systems, was developed to assess tissue elasticity. SWE generates shear waves (SWs) through acoustic radiation force, assuming tissues to be linearly elastic and homogeneous, and provides quantitative stiffness data. Recent evidence shows hepatic tissue is viscoelastic, with wave propagation varying by frequency. Quantifying viscosity remains a challenge. Fibrosis affects viscoelastic properties and shear wave speed (SWS), while necroinflammation predominantly alters the viscous component, influencing the shear wave dispersion slope (SWDS). This review provides an overview of ultrasound elastography methods, including stiffness and viscosity assessment, their physical principles, and clinical applications in hepatology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2708-9064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T23:25:51Z","timestamp":1758756351000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Examining the Current Landscape of Liver Assessment by means of Viscosity and Shear Wave Elastography: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0860-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia Maria","family":"Bakken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventional Ultrasound Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Serenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Fiorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ruiz-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9303-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Boccatonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventional Ultrasound Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventional Ultrasound Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36989","article-title":"Role of liver biopsy in management of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"KA Gebo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology;"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.03.025","article-title":"Complication rate of percutaneous liver biopsies among persons with advanced chronic liver disease in the HALT-C trial","volume":"8","author":"LB Seeff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol;"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06038.x","article-title":"Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"97","author":"A Regev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/1\/R01","article-title":"Imaging the elastic properties of tissue: the 20-year perspective","volume":"56","author":"KJ Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol;"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1475-6","article-title":"Principles of ultrasound elastography","volume":"43","author":"A Ozturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY);"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1335375","article-title":"EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. 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