{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:35:11Z","timestamp":1789058111249,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury are major causes of morbidity and mortality, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic evaluation. Neuroimaging plays a critical role in the early assessment and management of these conditions, allowing for the timely identification of hemorrhagic lesions, cerebral edema, vascular injuries, and spinal cord pathology that may require urgent intervention. In this review, we use a time-based approach to appraise the role of imaging in the hyperacute (first 24\u2009hours) and acute (up to 1 week) periods postinjury. Although computed tomography imaging guides most decision-making in trauma, we also highlight the role of ultrasound imaging modalities such as transcranial Doppler and optic nerve sheath diameter monitoring for noninvasive ICP monitoring, and magnetic resonance imaging for prognostication. Cases are used to highlight imaging findings that may change management in the hyperacute and acute period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2709-6750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T22:47:51Z","timestamp":1761086871000},"page":"633-653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Neuroimaging in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"J. Palmer","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika J.","family":"Sigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Podell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7363-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine S.W.","family":"Albin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.12.1519","article-title":"External validation of the Canadian CT head rule and the New Orleans Criteria for CT scanning in patients with minor head injury","volume":"294","author":"M Smits","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430204","article-title":"Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury","volume":"343","author":"M J Haydel","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031375","article-title":"The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma","volume":"349","author":"I G Stiell","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","first-page":"954","article-title":"Developing a decision instrument to guide computed tomographic imaging of blunt head injury patients","volume":"59","author":"W R Mower","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2021.01.006","article-title":"ACR appropriateness criteria head trauma: 2021 update","volume":"18","author":"R Y Shih","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"Imaging of Head Trauma","author":"A Gean","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas","volume":"58","author":"M R Bullock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.8.1304","article-title":"The ABCs of measuring intracerebral hemorrhage volumes","volume":"27","author":"R U Kothari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"625","article-title":"Biomechanical properties of the superior sagittal sinus-bridging vein complex","volume":"50","author":"H Delye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.01.050","article-title":"Evidence based diagnosis and management of chronic subdural hematoma: a review of the literature","volume":"50","author":"V Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"S16","article-title":"Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas","volume":"58","author":"M R Bullock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","first-page":"261","article-title":"Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: demographic and clinical study of 750 patients from the European brain injury consortium survey of head injuries","volume":"50","author":"F Servadei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0007","article-title":"Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a scoping review","volume":"39","author":"D P Griswold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","first-page":"254","article-title":"Pseudo-subarachnoid hemorrhage: a potential imaging pitfall associated with diffuse cerebral edema","volume":"24","author":"C A Given II","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Cerebral Contusion","author":"J E Pellot","year":"2025"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2006.04.003","article-title":"Imaging of head trauma","volume":"41","author":"T H Le","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3808","article-title":"Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: risk factors associated with progression","volume":"32","author":"S Cepeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.2.JNS182025","article-title":"Effect of decompressive craniectomy in the postoperative expansion of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: a propensity score-based analysis","volume":"132","author":"S Cepeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"CT prediction of contusion evolution after closed head injury: the role of pericontusional edema","author":"A Beaumont","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01407516","article-title":"Chronological evaluation of acute traumatic intracerebral haematoma","volume":"103","author":"T Yamaki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25137","article-title":"Current concepts: diffuse axonal injury-associated traumatic brain injury","volume":"82","author":"J M Meythaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.150.3.663","article-title":"MR imaging of head trauma: review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions","volume":"150","author":"L R Gentry","year":"1988","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-010-0003-3","article-title":"Imaging for the diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury","volume":"8","author":"J J Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333050","article-title":"Descending tentorial herniation: findings on computed tomography","volume":"14","author":"J Stovring","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.JNS173166","article-title":"A clinical decision rule to predict intracranial hypertension in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"131","author":"A S Alali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-001-1160-y","article-title":"Brainstem hemorrhage in descending transtentorial herniation (Duret hemorrhage)","volume":"28","author":"P M Parizel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.110","article-title":"Duret brainstem hemorrhage after transtentorial descending brain herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"173","author":"N Beucler","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury, fourth edition","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-014-2127-4","article-title":"Clinical applications of intracranial pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury: report of the Milan consensus conference","volume":"156","author":"N Stocchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.3171\/sup.1991.75.1s.0s14","article-title":"A new classification of head injury based on computerized tomography","volume":"75","author":"L F Marshall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000186013.63046.6B","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury with computed tomographic characteristics: a comparison between the computed tomographic classification and combinations of computed tomographic predictors","volume":"57","author":"A IR Maas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2008.08.009","article-title":"Clinical nihilism in neuroemergencies","volume":"27","author":"J C Hemphill III","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref33","first-page":"e0943","article-title":"Do neuroprognostic studies account for self-fulfilling prophecy bias in their methodology? The SPIN protocol for a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"F JP Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2024.0014","article-title":"Recovery potential in patients who died after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment: a TRACK-TBI propensity score analysis","volume":"41","author":"W R Sanders","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199012000-00013","article-title":"Blunt carotid artery dissection: incidence, associated injuries, screening, and treatment","volume":"30","author":"J W Davis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5412","article-title":"Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: advances in screening, imaging, and management trends","volume":"39","author":"P Nagpal","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26186","article-title":"Blunt cerebrovascular injury following craniomaxillofacial fractures: a systematic review","volume":"127","author":"G Kelts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.2009.111","article-title":"Treatment for blunt cerebrovascular injuries: equivalence of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents","volume":"144","author":"C C Cothren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.4.JNS152600","article-title":"Blunt cerebrovascular injuries in severe traumatic brain injury: incidence, risk factors, and evolution","volume":"127","author":"P Esnault","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31823de8a0","article-title":"Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: redefining screening criteria in the era of noninvasive diagnosis","volume":"72","author":"C C Burlew","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000240493.88473.39","article-title":"Vertebral artery dissection: presenting findings and predictors of outcome","volume":"37","author":"M Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref42","first-page":"471","article-title":"Blunt cerebrovascular injury practice management guidelines: the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma","volume":"68","author":"W J Bromberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref43","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Improving the screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury: the appropriate role for computed tomography angiography","volume":"70","author":"K P Emmett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2016.09.016","article-title":"Expanded screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury: a bigger impact than anticipated","volume":"212","author":"A E Geddes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.SPINE161177","article-title":"Blunt vertebral artery injury in occipital condyle fractures","volume":"29","author":"J D Burks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199911000-00004","article-title":"Blunt carotid arterial injuries: implications of a new grading scale","volume":"47","author":"W L Biffl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002668","article-title":"Evaluation and management of blunt cerebrovascular injury: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma","volume":"88","author":"D Y Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.0072","article-title":"Antiplatelet therapy vs anticoagulation therapy in cervical artery dissection: the cervical artery dissection in stroke study (CADISS) randomized clinical trial final results","volume":"76","author":"H S Markus","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00044-2","article-title":"Aspirin versus anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection (TREAT-CAD): an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial","volume":"20","author":"S T Engelter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002688","article-title":"Management patterns and outcomes after traumatic brain injury with associated blunt cerebrovascular injury","volume":"94","author":"M C Findlay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001740","article-title":"The changing role of endovascular stenting for blunt cerebrovascular injuries","volume":"84","author":"C P Shahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.06.117","article-title":"Dural venous sinus thrombosis in patients presenting with blunt traumatic brain injuries and skull fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"R Bokhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000620","article-title":"Venous sinus thrombosis in blunt trauma: incidence and risk factors","volume":"41","author":"S E Slasky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.05.019","article-title":"Traumatic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: management and outcomes","volume":"187","author":"L Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07756-2","article-title":"The Brussels consensus for non-invasive ICP monitoring when invasive systems are not available in the care of TBI patients (the B-ICONIC consensus, recommendations, and management algorithm)","volume":"51","author":"C Robba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2003.12.007","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP)","volume":"62","author":"J Bellner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.04.121","article-title":"Prediction of early intracranial hypertension after severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective study","volume":"127","author":"M Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0956-4_3","article-title":"The linear relationship between transcranial Doppler pulsatility indices and intracranial pressure is influenced by traumatic brain injury and vasospasm","volume":"114","author":"T C Glenn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1632-2","article-title":"The accuracy of transcranial Doppler in excluding intracranial hypertension following acute brain injury: a multicenter prospective pilot study","volume":"21","author":"F A Rasulo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03978-2","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler as a screening test to exclude intracranial hypertension in brain-injured patients: the IMPRESSIT-2 prospective multicenter international study","volume":"26","author":"F A Rasulo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6897","article-title":"Optic nerve sonography in the diagnostic evaluation of adult brain injury","volume":"12","author":"T Soldatos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2007.00031.x","article-title":"Correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure","volume":"15","author":"H H Kimberly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.FOCUS17431","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"F Al-Mufti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003297","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"J M Mastantuono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-96893-9","volume-title":"Neurovascular sonography","author":"W Ziai","year":"2022","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"01","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.191.1.8134551","article-title":"Imaging of closed head injury","volume":"191","author":"L R Gentry","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0382","article-title":"Comparative magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 and 3\u2009Tesla for the evaluation of traumatic microbleeds","volume":"24","author":"R Scheid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref80","first-page":"619","article-title":"Diffusion tensor tractography of traumatic diffuse axonal injury","volume":"65","author":"J Y Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0214","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of diffuse axonal injury: quantitative assessment of white matter lesion volume","volume":"24","author":"C Marquez de la Plata","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3258","article-title":"Traumatic axonal injury: the prognostic value of lesion load in corpus callosum, brain stem, and thalamus in different magnetic resonance imaging sequences","volume":"31","author":"K G Moen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-3000-4","article-title":"Prognostic value of corpus callosum injuries in severe head trauma","volume":"159","author":"M Cicuendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001852","article-title":"Prognosis of diffuse axonal injury with traumatic brain injury","volume":"85","author":"S S Humble","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref85","first-page":"351","article-title":"Blinded comparison of cranial CT and MR in closed head injury evaluation","volume":"15","author":"W W Orrison","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1280","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002731","article-title":"The prognostic value of MRI in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"H Haghbayan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0707","article-title":"Early magnetic resonance imaging of brainstem lesions after severe head injury","volume":"89","author":"R Firsching","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.1.8372185","article-title":"MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain","volume":"189","author":"W G Bradley Jr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.017","article-title":"Changing demographics and injury profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries in the United States, 1972-2014","volume":"97","author":"Y Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-017-0462-z","article-title":"Emergency neurological life support: traumatic spine injury","volume":"27","author":"D M Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref91","first-page":"e5","article-title":"Canadian C-spine rule versus NEXUS in screening of clinically important traumatic cervical spine injuries; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"M Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.15.1841","article-title":"The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients","volume":"286","author":"I G Stiell","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2018.10.002","article-title":"Essentials of spine trauma imaging: radiographs, CT, and MRI","volume":"39","author":"A S Jo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000430319.32247.7f","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: 2013 update","volume":"60","author":"B C Walters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2019.02.002","article-title":"ACR appropriateness criteria suspected spine trauma","volume":"16","author":"N M Beckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref96","first-page":"1680","article-title":"The role of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"O Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3213521","article-title":"Is radiography justified for the evaluation of patients presenting with cervical spine trauma?","volume":"36","author":"N Theocharopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S326","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31827559b8","article-title":"Screening for thoracolumbar spinal injuries in blunt trauma: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline","volume":"73","author":"S Sixta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"C S Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy537","article-title":"Ultra-Early (<12\u2009hours) surgery correlates with higher rate of American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale conversion after cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"85","author":"J F Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32037","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032037","article-title":"Early versus delayed decompression for traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: results of the surgical timing in acute spinal cord injury study (STASCIS)","volume":"7","author":"M G Fehlings","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6606","article-title":"Efficacy of ultra-early (< 12\u2009h), early (12-24\u2009h), and late (>24-138.5\u2009h) surgery with magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed decompression in American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades A, B, and C cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"B Aarabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0040","article-title":"Efficacy of early (\u2264 24\u2009hours), late (25-72\u2009hours), and delayed (>72\u2009hours) surgery with magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed decompression in American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades C and D acute traumatic central cord syndrome caused by spinal stenosis","volume":"38","author":"B Aarabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7415","article-title":"Trends in demographics and markers of injury severity in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"B Aarabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07467-6","article-title":"An international validation of the AO spine subaxial injury classification system","volume":"32","author":"B A Karamian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004693","article-title":"Validation of the AO spine thoracolumbar injury classification system treatment algorithm: should it be used to guide fracture management?","volume":"48","author":"M J Lambrechts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004429","article-title":"Global validation of the AO spine upper cervical injury classification","volume":"47","author":"A R Vaccaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E239","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001437","article-title":"Validation of the hierarchical nature of the AO spine sacral classification and the development of the sacral AO spine injury score","volume":"36","author":"B A Karamian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw053","article-title":"Intramedullary lesion length on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging is a strong predictor of ASIA impairment scale grade conversion following decompressive surgery in cervical spinal cord injury","volume":"80","author":"B Aarabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00820-6","article-title":"Targeted perfusion therapy in spinal cord trauma","volume":"17","author":"S Saadoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314600","article-title":"Intraspinal pressure and spinal cord perfusion pressure predict neurological outcome after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"S Saadoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6789","article-title":"Acute spinal cord injury: monitoring lumbar cerebrospinal fluid provides limited information about the injury site","volume":"37","author":"F RA Hogg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0218","article-title":"Proposal of a management algorithm to predict the need for expansion duraplasty in American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale grades A-C traumatic cervical spinal cord injury patients","volume":"39","author":"B Aarabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-023-07454-2","article-title":"Duroplasty for injured cervical spinal cord with uncontrolled swelling: protocol of the DISCUS randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"S Saadoun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002207","article-title":"Surgical decompression of traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: a pilot study comparing real-time intraoperative ultrasound after laminectomy with postoperative MRI and CT myelography","volume":"92","author":"T Chryssikos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2709-6750.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:43:02Z","timestamp":1768434182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2709-6750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2709-6750","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}