{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T23:51:02Z","timestamp":1763423462439,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n An independent association between insulin resistance and cancer has been\n consistently reported in humans. Patients with cancer display insulin resistance\n or its clinical manifestations, and this metabolic adaptation precedes the\n clinical diagnosis of cancer. Insulin resistance in cancer patients is\n associated with a metabolic switch from oxidative metabolism toward glycolysis\n that spares oxygen to be used in anabolic processes and facilitates the fast\n production of energy and intermediate metabolites required for the rapid\n proliferation of cancer cells. In malignant cells, glucose consumption via\n glycolysis occurs under normoxic conditions (aerobic glycolysis). Pathogenic\n mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in cancer patients include\n hypoxia-inducible factor-1 upregulation and overproduction of cytokines, such as\n interferon, interleukin-6, interleukin-18, and interleukin-1\u03b2. Deficit of\n 2-oxoglutarate (\u03b1-ketoglutarate) has been detected in cancer cells and may\n facilitate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 assembly and activity. Overproduction of\n cytokines in cancer patients follows activation of the immune system by abnormal\n nucleic acid variants. Anomalous DNA or RNA structures are recognized by immune\n sensors and stimulate signaling pathways that ultimately increase cytokine\n production. Likewise, interferon overproduction occurs in congenital disorders\n that feature ineffectively repaired DNA lesions, such as Werner syndrome, Bloom\n syndrome, mutations in DNA polymerase-\u03b41, and ataxia telangiectasia. These\n diseases cause simultaneous insulin resistance and a high tendency to develop\n cancer, highlighting the relationship between the two processes. Defectively\n repaired DNA injury endangers genomic integrity, predisposing to cancer, and\n activates the immune system to increase interferon production and subsequent\n insulin resistance. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and cytokines induce insulin\n resistance by suppressing peroxisome proliferator-activated-\u03b3 in the\n subcutaneous adipose tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2715-0775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T23:45:15Z","timestamp":1762559115000},"page":"539-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relationship Between Insulin Resistance and Cancer in\n Humans"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda M","family":"Adeva-Andany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Hospital Juan Cardona, Ferrol,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Adeva-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela,\n Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Ameneiros-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Hospital Juan Cardona, Ferrol,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Carneiro-Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Hospital Juan Cardona, Ferrol,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Vila-Altesor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Hospital Juan Cardona, Ferrol,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Funcasta-Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Hospital Juan Cardona, Ferrol,\n Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309","article-title":"On the origin of cancer cells","volume":"123","author":"O Warburg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"4665","article-title":"Insulin resistance in patients with cancer","volume":"38","author":"K Lundholm","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(99)00086-5","article-title":"Insulin resistance was connected with the alterations of substrate utilization\n in patients with cancer","volume":"141","author":"T Yoshikawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.05.009","article-title":"Serum lactate as a potential biomarker 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