{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:26:13Z","timestamp":1789071973502,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for Sarcoidosis Fellowship Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease of unknown cause, triggered by an unidentified antigen. Although classically considered a T cell\u2013mediated disorder with an IFN-\u03b3 signature driven by Th1, Th17, and Th17.1 cells, its pathogenesis reflects dysregulated crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity. Granulomas form through macrophage differentiation at the core, fueled by aberrantly programmed monocytes and sustained by persistent antigen presentation to T cells. Hyperactive macrophages drive excessive peripheral cell recruitment, while dysregulated T cell responses promote T cell expansion, impaired effector regulation, and eventual exhaustion. Deficient regulatory pathways fail to counterbalance this activation, creating a perpetuating inflammatory loop that underlies disease persistence and fibrotic progression. This review integrates up-to-date transcriptomic and biological data to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms that initiate, sustain, and dysregulate immune responses in sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2716-5737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:01:22Z","timestamp":1762473682000},"page":"543-556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunopathogenesis of Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Christen","family":"Vagts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ascoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0096-x","article-title":"Sarcoidosis","volume":"5","author":"J Grunewald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2101555","article-title":"Challenges of sarcoidosis and its management","volume":"385","author":"M Drent","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","first-page":"119","article-title":"The clinical course of sarcoidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment in a large white and black cohort in the United States","volume":"29","author":"M A Judson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","first-page":"29","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. 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