{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T10:33:03Z","timestamp":1778927583103,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Homeopathy"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Homeopathic medicines from plant sources such as Nux vomica face skepticism due to presumed absence of original material in high potencies (30cH, 200cH) whose dilution exceeds Avogadro's number. Whilst nanoparticles exist in metal-derived preparations, physicochemical characterization of plant-based remedies remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to analyze Nux vomica potencies (Q to 200cH) to determine nanoparticle presence, stability and retained molecular signatures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We characterized Nux vomica potencies using dynamic light scattering (DLS) for particle size distribution, electrophoretic light scattering for zeta potential, UV\u2013vis spectroscopy for electronic absorbance profiles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for functional group analysis. Measurements were compared with ethanol control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>DLS revealed bimodal particle distribution in nanometer (140\u2013697\u2009nm) and micrometer (0.8\u20132.5\u2009\u00b5m) ranges across potencies, indicating complex colloidal structures. Zeta potential confirmed stable, negatively charged suspensions, with a negative charge spike at 60cH (\u221216.85\u2009mV), suggesting stable nanoaggregates. UV\u2013vis spectroscopy showed peaks at 261\u2009nm (strychnine) and 331\u2009nm (brucine), with a broad band between 920 and 1,025\u2009nm. A hypsochromic shift occurred with increasing potencies. Higher potencies showed shifts toward shorter wavelengths, changes in peak intensities, and altered absorption patterns, suggesting solvent-related structural modulation. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands for OH, C\u2013H, N\u2013H, C\u2009=\u2009O, C\u2013N and C\u2013O stretching vibrations, representing sample constituents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study provides evidence that high-potency Nux vomica preparations contain stable nanostructures and retain molecular signatures of source material. The non-linear changes in particle size, surface charge and molecular architecture suggest that succussion induces dynamic cyclical transformations in the colloidal system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2721-3317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:33:11Z","timestamp":1772065991000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Material Characterization of Ethanolic Preparation of Nux vomica: Structural and Functional Analysis from Mother Tincture to 200cH"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Surbhi","family":"Slathia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhrajit","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organon of Medicine, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materia Medica, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7002-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumaravel","family":"Vadivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandra Sekhar","family":"Tiwary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhas","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organon of Medicine, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pralay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laxmi","family":"Mahto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritika Hassija","family":"Narula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhash","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.25259\/JISH_51_2022","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial activity of nine homoeopathic preparations in different volumes against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Kumaravel V.","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Integr Stand Homoeopathy"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.25259\/JISH_53_2023","article-title":"Understanding of potentization process of homoeopathic medicine of Aurum metallicum and its characterisation","volume":"7","author":"P Kumbhakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Integr Stand Homoeopathy"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"161","article-title":"Effect of different potencies of nanomedicine Cuprum metallicum on membrane fluidity \u2013 a biophysical study","volume":"107","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJHM"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770339","article-title":"Antiviral activity of Cinchona officinalis, a homeopathic medicine, against COVID-19","volume":"113","author":"S Arumugam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Homeopathy"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13080689","article-title":"Anti-biofilm action of Cineole and Hypericum perforatum to combat pneumonia-causing drug-resistant P. aeruginosa","volume":"13","author":"S Chakraborty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1775848","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of homoeopathic dilutions of Myristica sebifera against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"37","author":"N Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Homoeopath 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Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy","year":"2013","edition":"Revised & Augme"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Keynotes and Characteristics with Comparisons of Some of the Leading Remedies of the Materia Medica with Bowel Nosodes, 8th ed","author":"H C Allen","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"New Manual of Homoeopathic Materia Medica & Repertory","author":"W Boericke","year":"2022","edition":"Augmented editi"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0181735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181735","article-title":"Difficulties and flaws in performing accurate determinations of zeta potentials of metal nanoparticles in complex solutions\u2014Four case studies","volume":"12","author":"S Skoglund","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v7i4.56689","article-title":"Use of Strychnos nux-vomica (Azraqi) seeds in Unani system of medicine: role of detoxification","volume":"7","author":"S Akbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20291","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c02282","article-title":"Selection of the effective characteristic spectra based on the chemical structure and its application in rapid analysis of ethanol content in gasoline","volume":"7","author":"K Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.11.001","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of ZnO phytonanocomposite using Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae) and antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from diabetic foot ulcer","volume":"9","author":"K Steffy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.33545\/26164485.2020.v4.i2d.171","article-title":"Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic study in homoeopathic potentized medicines","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharyya DrTK","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Homoeopath Sci"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"8","article-title":"Homeopathic drugs modify water structure in ethanol water solution in their extreme dilutions as revealed by electronic and vibrational spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"R K Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J High Dilution Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2015.10.002","article-title":"Effect of bulk and nano-Fe 2 O 3 particles on peanut plant leaves studied by Fourier Transform Infrared spectral studies","volume":"7","author":"S Suresh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Adv Res"}],"container-title":["Homeopathy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2721-3317.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:33:21Z","timestamp":1772066001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2721-3317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2721-3317","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1475-4916","1476-4245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1475-4916","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]}}}