{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:18:12Z","timestamp":1767658692687,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a disease with high morbidity that has variable epidemiology based on genetics and sociodemographic factors. The etiology of this variability remains incompletely understood. This narrative review describes how genetics, social determinants of health, and the interactions between them may contribute to the differences in epidemiology and health outcomes observed in different patient groups with sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2724-5501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T23:19:28Z","timestamp":1761261568000},"page":"602-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetics and Social Determinants of Health as Drivers of Epidemiologic Variation in Sarcoidosis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Odackal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elliott D.","family":"Crouser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette C.","family":"Cozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13629","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and clinical insights","volume":"293","author":"M Rossides","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000704","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants and disparities in sarcoidosis","volume":"26","author":"M Sharp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103247","article-title":"The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis","volume":"149","author":"J Miedema","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0865CI","article-title":"A concise review of pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"183","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0321OC","article-title":"A novel in vitro human granuloma model of sarcoidosis and latent tuberculosis infection","volume":"57","author":"E D Crouser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref6","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Geoepidemiological big data approach to sarcoidosis: geographical and ethnic determinants","volume":"37","author":"P Brito-Zer\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/AJTCCM.2022.v28i4.205","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Johannesburg, South Africa: a retrospective study","volume":"28","author":"R Morar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009998","article-title":"Geographic variation in sarcoidosis in South Carolina: its relation to socioeconomic status and health care indicators","volume":"150","author":"D K Kajdasz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2104046","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients in a case control study of sarcoidosis","volume":"164","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00075307","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Japan","volume":"31","author":"T Morimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","first-page":"29","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: epidemiology and prognosis. A 15-year European study","volume":"130","author":"G Hillerdal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106564","article-title":"The impact of demographic disparities in the presentation of sarcoidosis: a multicenter prospective study","volume":"187","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.06.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"Y C Cozier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900444","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00444-2019","article-title":"Epidemiology and health outcomes of sarcoidosis in a universal healthcare population: a cohort study","volume":"54","author":"L M Fidler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in America. Analysis based on health care use","volume":"13","author":"R P Baughman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202206-515OC","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis in U.S. Veterans from 2003 to 2019","volume":"20","author":"M I Seedahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0871-3","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of sarcoidosis in Korea: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"19","author":"H Y Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537382","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.537382","article-title":"Sarcoidosis Epidemiology: Race Matters","volume":"11","author":"K M Hena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-0971(85)90004-X","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Caucasians, Blacks and Asians in London","volume":"79","author":"W M Edmondstone","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Dis Chest"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01074.x","article-title":"Sarcoidosis in Singapore: epidemiology, clinical presentation and ethnic differences","volume":"12","author":"D Anantham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602419","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02419-2016","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of interstitial lung diseases in a multi-ethnic county of Greater Paris","volume":"50","author":"B Duchemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009096","article-title":"Racial differences in sarcoidosis incidence: a 5-year study in a health maintenance organization","volume":"145","author":"B A Rybicki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddad067","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies multiple HLA loci for sarcoidosis susceptibility","volume":"32","author":"S Y Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2010.56","article-title":"A genome-wide admixture scan for ancestry-linked genes predisposing to sarcoidosis in African-Americans","volume":"12","author":"B A Rybicki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202210-1969LE","article-title":"Inclusivity in research matters: variants in PVT1 specific to persons of African descent are associated with pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"209","author":"L Garman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202308-1331LE","article-title":"Genome and transcriptome-wide association study of fibrotic sarcoidosis in European Americans","volume":"209","author":"S Y Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132799","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1132799","article-title":"Sex differences in the genetics of sarcoidosis across European and African ancestry populations","volume":"10","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218106","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1218106","article-title":"Genetic and geographic influence on phenotypic variation in European sarcoidosis patients","volume":"10","author":"S Freitag-Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364235","article-title":"Genome-wide search for sarcoidosis susceptibility genes in African Americans","volume":"6","author":"M C Iannuzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2106001","article-title":"Familial aggregation of sarcoidosis. A case-control etiologic study of sarcoidosis (ACCESS)","volume":"164","author":"B A Rybicki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.094060","article-title":"Heredity in sarcoidosis: a registry-based twin study","volume":"63","author":"A Sverrild","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.3.465a","article-title":"A definition of \u201csocial environment.\u201d","volume":"91","author":"E Barnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01340","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"M A Judson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283560809","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: the same disease with different manifestations or similar manifestations of different disorders","volume":"18","author":"D Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.12.027","article-title":"Phase II investigation of the efficacy of antimycobacterial therapy in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"159","author":"W P Drake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199505","article-title":"The social determinants of tuberculosis: from evidence to action","volume":"101","author":"J R Hargreaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-249OC","article-title":"A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors","volume":"170","author":"L S Newman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae016","article-title":"Occupational exposures and sarcoidosis: a rapid review of the evidence","volume":"74","author":"M Rezai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202208-722OC","article-title":"Identification of environmental exposures associated with risk of sarcoidosis in African Americans","volume":"20","author":"A M Levin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx085","article-title":"Invited commentary: the enduring role of \u201cplace\u201d in health-a historic perspective","volume":"185","author":"Y C Cozier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203798","article-title":"Neighborhood deprivation and risks of autoimmune disorders: a national cohort study in Sweden","volume":"16","author":"X Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202202-136OC","article-title":"Association of county-degree social vulnerability with chronic respiratory disease mortality in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Y C Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200607-138MS","article-title":"Lesson learned from ACCESS (a case controlled etiologic study of sarcoidosis)","volume":"4","author":"M D Rossman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202011-1467OC","article-title":"Barriers to care among patients with sarcoidosis: a qualitative study","volume":"18","author":"L J Harper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00070503","article-title":"Sarcoidosis: social predictors of severity at presentation","volume":"24","author":"D L Rabin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2004740","article-title":"Hidden in plain sight - reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms","volume":"383","author":"D A Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.08.053","article-title":"Addressing race in pulmonary function testing by aligning intent and evidence with practice and perception","volume":"161","author":"N R Bhakta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2024-222124","article-title":"Predicting the risk of pulmonary deterioration in sarcoidosis","volume":"79","author":"E V Arkema","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-221309","article-title":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis: differences in lung function change over time","volume":"79","author":"M Sharp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref57","first-page":"125","article-title":"HLA and environmental interactions in sarcoidosis","volume":"25","author":"M D Rossman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21811","article-title":"Efficient generalized least squares method for mixed population and family-based samples in genome-wide association studies","volume":"38","author":"J Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54612-1","article-title":"A gene-environment interaction between smoking and gene polymorphisms provides a high risk of two subgroups of sarcoidosis","volume":"9","author":"N V Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00492-2022","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00492-2022","article-title":"Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for sarcoidosis: a nested case-control study","volume":"9","author":"M Dehara","year":"2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108089","article-title":"Smoking and the risk of sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"241","author":"M Dehara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2402023","article-title":"Is smoking beneficial for granulomatous lung diseases?","volume":"169","author":"L A Maier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2025.2495852","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and sarcoidosis revisited-evidence, mechanisms, and clinical implications: a narrative review","volume":"41","author":"N Sweis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000080","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis","volume":"20","author":"A K Gerke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000001102","article-title":"Big data in sarcoidosis","volume":"30","author":"N V Rivera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30424-6","article-title":"Occupational lung diseases: from old and novel exposures to effective preventive strategies","volume":"5","author":"P Cullinan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2724-5501.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T23:33:44Z","timestamp":1767656024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2724-5501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2724-5501","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1069-3424","1098-9048"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1069-3424"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1098-9048"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}