{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T22:43:44Z","timestamp":1777157024368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Respir Crit Care Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pulmonary infection is an important cause of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PWH) infection, especially in those with significant immunosuppression. Pneumonia, including Pneumocystis jirovecii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis etiologies, continues to be the most frequent pulmonary infection in PWH. However, identifying the etiology of pulmonary infection in PWH is challenging because of the overlap in clinical features and the frequency of co-infection. This review focuses on the current scientific evidence regarding pulmonary infection in PWH, including its epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2725-7350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T23:19:28Z","timestamp":1761261568000},"page":"204-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulmonary Infections in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Catia","family":"Cilloniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute\u2013IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Continental University, Huancayo, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Peric\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Division of Digestive Diseases, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centros de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red, Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Reial Academia de Medicina de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoni","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute\u2013IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab573","article-title":"Decreasing incidence and determinants of bacterial Pneumonia in people with HIV: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"225","author":"S Balakrishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040358","article-title":"Incidence of confirmed influenza and Pneumococcal infections and 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