{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:26:58Z","timestamp":1790195218960,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015260","name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0005-2023-RIA1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0005-2023-RIA1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic compound with various biological activities found in numerous traditional medicinal plants. Moreover, RA is already used as a food additive, demonstrating its safety. Current research has identified RA as having diverse effects, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anti-Parkinson, neuroprotective, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cognitive-enhancing, metabolic-regulating, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. This review attempts to define the mechanisms of its bioactivity by correlating RA\u02bcs effect on different biomolecules. We performed an extensive search across major databases, using the core keyword \u201cRosmarinic acid\u201d with relevant keywords to construct search queries. Our findings suggest that some mechanisms are shared among RA\u02bcs various activities. For example, the chemical structure of RA itself makes it an\n          antioxidant, and the antioxidant effect enables it to reduce inflammation caused by active substances such as ROS and free radicals. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects can relieve pain, provide neuroprotection, reduce chronic adipose inflammation, and improve insulin sensitivity. RA can also inhibit the aggregation of harmful proteins and promote their degradation, which plays a key role in neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. RA\u02bcs modulation of neurotransmitters exerts both antidepressant effects and benefits on cognitive impairment. The regulation of key pathways by RA\u2013such as ERK1\/2, MAPK, STAT3, PI3K, Akt, NF-\u03baB, and Nrf2\u2013is central to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid- and glucose-regulating, and antitumor effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2727-3201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T23:32:28Z","timestamp":1761780748000},"page":"84-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unveiling Rosmarinic Acid: Understanding Its Broad Spectrum of Bioactivities"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9637-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka Fai","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6983-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0015-1453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Coghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103292","article-title":"A Comprehensive 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