{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:08:27Z","timestamp":1776121707697,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are limited number of randomized controlled studies on the\n                        effectiveness of perineal massage and warm compresses in reducing perineal\n                        trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of massage and warm compresses implemented by\n                        nurses and midwives on perineal trauma, volume of hemorrhage, length of\n                        episiotomy, and pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The single-center, single-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) included\n                        120 pregnant women in labor. Women were randomly divided into four groups:\n                        receiving massage only, warm compress only, both massage and warm compress,\n                        and the control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The application of warm compresses and massage was effective for reducing\n                        perineal trauma (p&lt;0.001). Warm compress application was found to be\n                        effective to decrease first-degree trauma (p&lt;0.001). The hemorrhage\n                        volume and length of episiotomy for the intervention groups were lower than\n                        in the control group (p&lt;.001). Massage and warm compress interventions\n                        were effective for reducing pain (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Massage and warm compress methods are effective in reducing trauma, pain,\n                        hemorrhage, and episiotomy length. Furthermore, the use of the two methods\n                        together does not provide an advantage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2730-1313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:09:48Z","timestamp":1763597388000},"page":"155-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effectiveness of Massage and Warm Compresses on Perineal Trauma,\n                    Hemorrhage, Length of Episiotomy and Pain: A Randomized Controlled\n                    Trial"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"230","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06005077","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5493-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamze","family":"Acavut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery Department, Ankara Medipol University,\n                    Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclten","family":"G\u00fcven\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulhane Faculty of Nursing, University of Health\n                    Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaz\u0131m Emre","family":"Kara\u015fahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics, University of Health Sciences Gulhane\n                    Health Sciences Institute, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-2473","article-title":"Non-surgical intrapartum practices for the prevention of severe perineal trauma:\n                    a systematic review protocol","volume":"14","author":"S Van Limbeek","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12843","article-title":"FIGO statement: restrictive use rather than routine use of episiotomy","volume":"146","author":"A H Nassar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.04.048","article-title":"Effect of perineal massage on the rate of episiotomy and perineal tearing","volume":"131","author":"G Demirel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2012.655385","article-title":"The use of perineal massage in the second stage of labor and follow-up of\n                    postpartum perineal outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Z Kara\u00e7am","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2690-0","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of urinary\/anal incontinence after delivery:\n                    prospective study of Nigerian women","volume":"26","author":"K C Obioha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001523","article-title":"Prevention and management of obstetric lacerations at vaginal delivery. Number\n                    165","volume":"128","author":"ACOG Practice Bulletin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-57","article-title":"How good are we at implementing evidence to support the management of\n                    birth-related perineal trauma? A UK-wide survey of midwifery practice","volume":"12","author":"D E Bick","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.09.018","article-title":"Indications for the use of episiotomy in Qatar","volume":"104","author":"A Husic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050902994820","article-title":"Is the policy of restrictive episiotomy generalisable? A prospective\n                    observational study","volume":"22","author":"C Y Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2054-0","article-title":"First do no harm \u2013 interventions during labor and maternal satisfaction: a\n                    descriptive cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"K Y \u00c7alik","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.9790\/1959-0604056476","article-title":"Effect of warm compresses versus lubricated massage during the second stage of\n                    labor on perineal outcomes among primiparous women","volume":"6","author":"H A Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"IOSR J Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.7537\/marsjas071111.27","article-title":"Comparative study between two perineal management techniques used to reduce\n                    perineal trauma during 2nd stage of labor","volume":"7","author":"M L Mohamed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Sci"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"298","article-title":"The effect of intermittent local heat and cold\n                    on labor pain and childbirth outcome","volume":"18","author":"J Ganji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs\n                    Midwifery"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-011-1919-5","article-title":"Reducing perineal trauma through perineal massage with vaseline in second stage\n                    of labor","volume":"285","author":"M Geranmayeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.15171\/jcs.2018.004","article-title":"The effect of two-staged warm compress on the pain duration of first and second\n                    labor stages and Apgar score in prim gravida women: a randomized clinical\n                    trial","volume":"7","author":"M Akbarzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Caring Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.2007.00186.x","article-title":"Perineal outcomes and maternal comfort related to the application of perineal\n                    warm packs in the second stage of labor: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"H G Dahlen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.07.002","article-title":"Midwives\u2019 and doctors\u2019 perceptions of their preparation for and practice in\n                    managing the perineum in the second stage of labor: a cross-sectional\n                    survey","volume":"31","author":"C E East","year":"2015","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.19082\/5588","article-title":"The effect of perineal massage during the second stage of birth on nulliparous\n                    women perineal: a randomization clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"R Shahoei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron Physician"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692008000300007","article-title":"The use of liquid petroleum jelly in the prevention of perineal lacerations\n                    during birth","volume":"16","author":"N M Ara\u00fajo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Latino Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1960-3.","article-title":"Different episiotomy techniques, postpartum perineal pain, and blood loss: an\n                    observational study","volume":"24","author":"K Fodstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-004-1273-2","article-title":"Determinants of the length of episiotomy or spontaneous posterior perineal\n                    lacerations during vaginal birth","volume":"16","author":"DE E Rizk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12293","DOI":"10.1111\/jjns.12293","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum urinary retention after vaginal\n                    delivery in Japan: a case\u2013control study","volume":"17","author":"I Kawasoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-003232","article-title":"Management of perineal pain among postpartum women in an obstetric and\n                    gynecological hospital in China: a best practice implementation project","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5430\/jnep.v6n4p48","article-title":"Effect of second stage perineal warm compresses on perineal pain and outcome\n                    among primiparae","volume":"6","author":"R M Essa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nurs Educ Pract"}],"container-title":["Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2730-1313.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:33:05Z","timestamp":1776119585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2730-1313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2730-1313","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0948-2393","1439-1651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0948-2393","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}