{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:34:30Z","timestamp":1769682870414,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a serious physical consequence of\n                    long-term, high-dose cannabis use, and a regional increase in incidence appears\n                    to be an indicator of an increase in cannabis use there. In addition to\n                    gradually increasing nausea, which escalates into cyclical vomiting attacks, and\n                    resistance to classic antiemetics, relief by hot showers is one of the\n                    diagnostic criteria. However, the same symptoms are also found in cyclic\n                    vomiting syndrome (CVS), which in turn can also be associated with cannabis use,\n                    but unlike CHS, cannabis is not causal for CVS. The only diagnostic criterion\n                    that can distinguish CHS from CVS is the persistent disappearance of\n                    nausea\/hyperemesis during cannabis abstinence. Observation periods of 12 months\n                    are diagnostically reliable. Most CHS cases described in the literature have a\n                    significantly shorter observation period and can therefore only be considered as\n                    suspected CHS cases. Since diagnostically safe (i.e. verified by long periods of\n                    abstinence) CHS cases have rarely been documented, this case report of an adult\n                    cannabis user should be added. Even after 3 weeks of abstinence, blood\n                    cannabinoid-levels (tetrahydrocannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic\n                    acid) were relevantly elevated, indicating previous prolonged and higher dose\n                    cannabis use. Remarkably, each CHS episode was stronger than the previous one,\n                    indicating ongoing sensitization, even in cannabis relapse after prolonged\n                    abstinence. The pathophysiology of CHS is still largely unclear. This case\n                    history and other previously observed cases provided the impetus for the\n                    hypersensitization hypothesis of CHS development and maintenance presented here,\n                    which also takes into account the recently published reports of possible relief\n                    of severe nausea and vomiting by haloperidol (or droperidol) or by topical\n                    capsaicin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2731-3369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:04:35Z","timestamp":1769645075000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome: the rare case of a valid diagnosis\n                    plus hypersensitization hypothesis for development and chronification of this\n                    severe somatic cannabis use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel,\n                    Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Castrop-Rauxel,\n                    Germany, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine,\n                    Landschaftsverband Rheinland-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen,\n                    Essen, Germany., Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036350","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic\n                    cannabis abuse","volume":"53","author":"J H Allen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14574","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14574","article-title":"The national prevalence of disorders of gut brain interaction in the United\n                    Kingdom in comparison to their worldwide prevalence: Results from the Rome\n                    foundation global epidemiology study","volume":"35","author":"H Jaafari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273372","volume-title":"Cannabis-Hyperemesis-Syndrom [Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome]","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.06.025.","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome recovers completely when the use of cannabis or\n                    synthetic cannabinoids is permanently discontinued-cyclic vomiting syndrome does\n                    not","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0595-z","article-title":"Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment \u2013 A\n                    Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"C J Sorensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.040","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diagnosis and Management of Cannabinoid\n                    Hyperemesis Syndrome: Commentary","volume":"66","author":"A Rubio-Tapia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13606","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13606.","article-title":"Role of chronic cannabis use: Cyclic vomiting syndrome vs cannabinoid\n                    hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"31","author":"T Venkatesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Doc06","DOI":"10.3205\/000247","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis and the cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults: recognition,\n                    diagnosis, acute and long-term treatment","volume":"15","author":"C G Blumentrath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ger Med Sci"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"466","volume-title":"Chapter 48: Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome. 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