{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:47:35Z","timestamp":1772621255363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The diagnosis of peripheral polyneuropathy in children and the differential diagnosis among its various forms often present a challenge, also because electrodiagnostic studies can be painful and sometimes yield inconclusive results. This systematic review examines the role of nerve ultrasound (n-US) in the diagnosis and follow-up of pediatric polyneuropathies. We searched PubMed and Embase from 1975 to April 1, 2025. Included studies assessed patients aged \u2264 18 years with clinically and neurophysiologically confirmed polyneuropathy, providing pediatric-specific qualitative or quantitative n-US findings. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Six focused on acquired inflammatory polyneuropathies (three on Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome [GBS], three on Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy [CIDP]), eight on Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth disease (CMT), two on lysosomal storage disorders, one on Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix\u2013Saguenay (ARSACS), and one on mixed etiologies. Most (n\u2009=\u20097) were case reports. Cross-sectional area and nerve enlargement (NE) distribution were the main parameters evaluated. Marked, diffuse NE was found in demyelinating CMT and lysosomal disorders; CIDP showed diffuse and multifocal NE; GBS presented mild and proximal NE. No NE was reported in axonal CMT or ARSACS. Few studies assessed echogenicity or fascicular structure; none evaluated vascularization. n-US shows promise in differentiating demyelinating conditions such as CMT, CIDP, GBS, and certain metabolic syndromes in children. However, further age-matched control studies are needed, given that nerve growth and myelination peak between 15 and 17 years. Future research should explore n-US as an early diagnostic, screening, and follow-up tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2731-5029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T23:46:47Z","timestamp":1761608807000},"page":"081-089","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nerve Ultrasound in Pediatric Polyneuropathies: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Maccora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi. N. D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit, ARNAS Civico di Cristina and Benfratelli Hospitals, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo Di","family":"Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi. N. D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi. N. D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Sacconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System and Muscle Department, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d'Azur, CHU Nice, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Puma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System and Muscle Department, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d'Azur, CHU Nice, Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-3787(04)71171-6","article-title":"Peripheral neuropathies in the young child","volume":"160","author":"R Ouvrier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2020.04.016","article-title":"Clinical, electrophysiological and genetic characteristics of childhood hereditary polyneuropathies","volume":"176","author":"C Paketci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25069","article-title":"Perception of pain during electromyography in children: a prospective study","volume":"54","author":"N M Alshaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12594","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"28","author":"P A van Doorn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143419","article-title":"Charcot-Marie-Tooth: from molecules to therapy","volume":"20","author":"J Morena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-98818-6.00009-1","article-title":"Hereditary neuropathy","volume":"195","author":"C Pisciotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"193","key":"ref8","first-page":"iv-22","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease","volume":"193","author":"G J Braathen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.01.009","article-title":"Inherited peripheral neuropathies","volume":"31","author":"M A Saporta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.06.007","article-title":"Hereditary neuropathies: AN update","volume":"172","author":"T Stojkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10197","article-title":"Dejerine-Sottas disease and hereditary demyelinating polyneuropathy of infancy","volume":"26","author":"V Plante-Bordeneuve","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-022-01031-2","article-title":"Clinical genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease","volume":"68","author":"Y Higuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14959","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: report of a joint Task Force-Second revision","volume":"28","author":"P YK Van den Bergh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.11.013","article-title":"Genetic neuropathies presenting with CIDP-like features in childhood","volume":"31","author":"M A Fernandez-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667378","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.667378","article-title":"Pediatric CIDP: Diagnosis and Management. 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