{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:14:37Z","timestamp":1778627677202,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Herbal medicinal products (HMPs) prepared from the fruit of Silybum marianum are mainly used in the treatment of liver diseases and dyspeptic symptoms. Despite its long-standing use and good clinical safety profile, the safety assessment of such HMPs requires special attention to toxicological aspects that are difficult to detect clinically, especially genotoxic effects. The genotoxic potential of certain S. marianum extracts has been evaluated previously; however, some in vitro assays gave inconsistent results, which is why an EU list entry was not recommended by the Herbal Medicinal Product Committee (HMPC) of the European regulatory agency EMA. To provide a more comprehensive dataset for the evaluation of the genotoxic potential, six dry extracts covering the entire polarity range of extraction solvents were chosen in accordance with the \u201cbracketing and matrixing\u201d approach recommended by the HMPC. These extracts were subjected to the bacterial reverse\n          mutation test, as specified in the OECD test guideline 471, which was performed both as a pre-incubation and plate incorporation assay. When testing up to 5\u2009mg per plate or up to the solubility or cytotoxicity limits, none of the extracts showed signs of mutagenicity, suggesting that extracts of S. marianum fruit have no genotoxic potential. Within reasonable limits, these results may be extrapolated to other extracts based on the aforementioned \u201cbracketing and matrixing\u201d approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2731-9622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:18:46Z","timestamp":1768436326000},"page":"647-654","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genotoxicity Studies of Milk Thistle Fruit (Silybum marianum fructus) Dry Extracts: No Hints of Mutagenicity"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Peter David","family":"Ringel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Feistel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finzelberg GmbH & Co. KG, Andernach, Germany"},{"name":"Kooperation Phytopharmaka GbR, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Kelber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kooperation Phytopharmaka GbR, Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"R&D, Phytomedicines Supply and Development Center, Bayer Consumer Health, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Nieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kooperation Phytopharmaka GbR, Bonn, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417655","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1417655","article-title":"A review of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, synthetic biology and comprehensive utilization of Silybum marianum","volume":"15","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases","volume":"32","author":"L Abenavoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"52","article-title":"US Sales of Herbal Supplements Decline Slightly in 2022: Despite 1.9\u200a% drop in sales \u2013 the first sales decrease in nearly 20 years \u2013 US consumers continue to prioritize supplements to support digestive health, energy levels, and \u02bcfoundational\u02bc wellness","volume":"139","author":"T Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"HerbalGram"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Assessment report on Silybum marianum (L.) 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