{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:50:29Z","timestamp":1782514229849,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003451","name":"University of the Basque Country","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PIF21\/160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIF21\/160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003451","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Vital Fundazioa-Bioaraba","award":["BAFV22-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAFV22-012"]}]},{"name":"Vital Fundazioa","award":["VITAL21\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VITAL21\/14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of health and mortality. However,\n                    its gold-standard assessment, peak oxygen uptake via cardiopulmonary exercise\n                    testing, is not always feasible in clinical practice. This study aimed to (1)\n                    develop exercise-based cardiorespiratory fitness prediction models for people\n                    with vestibular hypofunction and (2) evaluate the applicability of existing\n                    models to this population. Fifty-four adults with unilateral or bilateral\n                    vestibular hypofunction (56% women) completed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise\n                    testing for peak oxygen uptake determination. Cardiorespiratory fitness\n                    prediction models were developed using maximal vestibular hypofunction and\n                    submaximal vestibular hypofunction (vestibular hypofunction-specific submaximal\n                    prediction model with gas-based analysis and vestibular hypofunction-specific\n                    submaximal prediction model without gas-based analysis) test characteristics. A\n                    100-fold repeated cross-validation assessed model accuracy, maximal vestibular\n                    hypofunction (r=0.90 and standard error of the estimate=3.0), vestibular\n                    hypofunction-specific submaximal prediction model with gas-based analysis\n                        (r=0.86 and standard error of the estimate=3.6), and vestibular\n                    hypofunction-specific submaximal prediction model without gas-based analysis\n                        (r=0.79 and standard error of the estimate=4.3) showed high\n                    predictive accuracy, with minimal bias (&lt;\u20091%). Existing equations\n                    misestimated cardiorespiratory fitness (effect size=0.56\u20130.68, large).\n                    Predictions within one or more metabolic equivalent of task were higher for\n                    vestibular hypofunction models, reaching up to 8\u20139 out of 10 individual cases.\n                    The newly developed vestibular hypofunction-specific models offer more accurate,\n                    clinically applicable tools for cardiorespiratory fitness estimation across\n                    various clinical scenarios, including settings where maximal testing is not\n                    feasible. An automated calculator was developed to support clinical\n                    implementation in vestibular hypofunction management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2760-6902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:34:47Z","timestamp":1764722087000},"page":"628-637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiorespiratory Fitness Prediction in Vestibular Hypofunction: Does\n                    One Size Fit All?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05192564","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Maitane","family":"Ruiz-Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT),\n                    Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport,\n                    University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health group, Bioaraba Health Research\n                    Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2622-5385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Maldonado-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT),\n                    Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport,\n                    University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health group, Bioaraba Health Research\n                    Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asier","family":"Lekue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorrinolaringology Services of OSI Araba-Osakidetza, University\n                    Hospital from \u00c1lava, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julene","family":"Argaluza-Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Bioaraba Health Research\n                    Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Corres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT),\n                    Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport,\n                    University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health group, Bioaraba Health Research\n                    Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikel","family":"Tous-Espelosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT),\n                    Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport,\n                    University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health group, Bioaraba Health Research\n                    Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Tojal-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service,\n                    Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU,\n                    Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity\n                    and Nutrition (CIEROBN), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibai","family":"Garcia-Tabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Society Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT),\n                    Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport,\n                    University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Physical Activity, Exercise, and Health group, Bioaraba Health Research\n                    Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011858","article-title":"Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing","volume":"346","author":"J Myers","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.262.17.2395","article-title":"Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and\n                    women","volume":"262","author":"S N Blair","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and\n                    cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"S Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2006.06.008","article-title":"Listing Criteria for Heart Transplantation: International Society for Heart and\n                    Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Care of Cardiac Transplant\n                    Candidates-2006","volume":"25","author":"M R Mehra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Heart Lung Transplant"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.2040094.047","article-title":"Fear of falling and associated factors among patients with peripheral vestibular\n                    hypofunction","volume":"16","author":"H S Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/npt.0000000000000382","article-title":"Vestibular Rehabilitation for Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction: An Updated\n                    Clinical Practice Guideline From the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy of\n                    the American Physical Therapy Association","volume":"46","author":"C D Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1159\/000235812","article-title":"Dizzy\u2014Why Not Take a Walk? Low Level Physical Activity Improves Quality of Life\n                    among Elderly with Dizziness","volume":"55","author":"A Kristensson Ekwall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gerontol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01670-1","article-title":"Physical Exercise and Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"56","author":"Z M Ign\u00e1cio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14089.1","article-title":"The effectiveness of exercise-based vestibular rehabilitation in adult patients\n                    with chronic dizziness: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"B Kundakci","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000161551.73095.9c","article-title":"How to assess physical activity? How to assess physical fitness?","volume":"12","author":"L Vanhees","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3990-0","article-title":"Quality control of open-circuit respirometry: real-time, laboratory-based\n                    systems. Let\u2019s spread \u201cgood practice\u201d","volume":"118","author":"I Garcia-Tabar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31821d3f6f","article-title":"Estimating V\u0307O2peak from a Nonexercise Prediction Model: the HUNT\n                    Study, Norway","volume":"43","author":"B M Nes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002435","article-title":"Accuracy of Exercise-based Equations for Estimating Cardiorespiratory\n                    Fitness","volume":"53","author":"J E Peterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-3860-9","article-title":"Open-circuit respirometry: real-time, laboratory-based systems","volume":"118","author":"S A Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01581-z","article-title":"Identification of Non-Invasive Exercise Thresholds: Methods, Strategies, and an\n                    Online App","volume":"52","author":"D A Keir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2023.112285","article-title":"A V\u0307O2peak prediction model in older adults\u2019 patients with\n                    Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"181","author":"J V\u00e1squez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.05.003","article-title":"Validity of Estimated Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With Primary Breast\n                    Cancer","volume":"4","author":"M Michalski","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC: CardioOncol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002250","article-title":"An Estimation Model for Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults with Rheumatoid\n                    Arthritis","volume":"52","author":"M H Liff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/80.8.782","article-title":"Submaximal Exercise Testing: Clinical Application and Interpretation","volume":"80","author":"V K Noonan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physl Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318780442","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake: New and more accurate predictive equation","volume":"25","author":"L M Antunes-Correa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1957-2356","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2022 Update","volume":"43","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2023.101213","article-title":"Supervised multicomponent exercise as an adjuvant program for people with\n                    unilateral and\/or bilateral chronic vestibular hypofunction: EXERVEST study\n                    protocol","volume":"36","author":"M Ruiz-Rios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050678","article-title":"Transferability of workload measurements between three different types of\n                    ergometer","volume":"82","author":"M Reiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"103","volume-title":"\u201cDetermination of maximal oxygen consumption (V\u0307O2max)\u201d in\n                    Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes","author":"C J Gore","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00308","article-title":"Gas analyzer\u2019s drift leads to systematic error in maximal oxygen uptake and\n                    maximal respiratory exchange ratio determination","volume":"6","author":"I Garcia-Tabar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318772667","article-title":"A new generalized cycle ergometry equation for predicting maximal oxygen uptake:\n                    The Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database\n                    (FRIEND)","volume":"25","author":"P Kokkinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(98)00037-3","article-title":"Power and sample size calculations for studies involving linear regression","volume":"19","author":"W D Dupont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution Theory for Glass\u2019s Estimator of Effect size and Related\n                    Estimators","volume":"6","author":"L V Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Educ Stat"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3086","article-title":"Why Bland\u2013Altman plots should use X, not (Y+X) \/2 when X is a reference\n                    method","volume":"27","author":"J Krouwer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Statis Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2003.00099.x","article-title":"Estimating the generalized concordance correlation coefficient through variance\n                    components","volume":"59","author":"J L Carrasco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"W G Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2017.1346111","article-title":"Clinical, physical, physiological, and dietary patterns of obese and sedentary\n                    adults with primary hypertension characterized by sex and cardiorespiratory\n                    fitness: EXERDIET-HTA study","volume":"40","author":"I Gorostegi-Anduaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70297","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70297","article-title":"Are Adults With Bipolar Disorder at Increased Cardiovascular Risk due to Their\n                    Physical, Biochemical, and Physiological Profiles? The FINEXT-BD Study","volume":"15","author":"J Etxaniz-Oses","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjon.2022.06.018","article-title":"Ventilatory efficiency in combination with peak oxygen uptake improves risk\n                    stratification in patients undergoing lobectomy","volume":"11","author":"K Kristenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JTCVS Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003528","article-title":"Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Variables to Predict Adverse Events\n                    in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"56","author":"S H Kroesen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144873","article-title":"Predicting V\u0307O2peak from Submaximal- and Peak Exercise Models: The\n                    HUNT 3 Fitness Study, Norway","volume":"11","author":"H Loe","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000041428.99427.06","article-title":"Exercise anaerobic threshold and ventilatory efficiency identify heart failure\n                    patients for high risk of early death","volume":"106","author":"A K Gitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.03.002","article-title":"A Reference Equation for Normal Standards for V\u0307O2max: Analysis from\n                    the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND\n                    Registry)","volume":"60","author":"J Myers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000222830.41735.14","article-title":"The Relationship of a 6-min Walk to V\u0307O2peak and VT in Older Heart\n                    Failure Patients","volume":"38","author":"S Maldonado-Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.59.5.1472","article-title":"Exercise training and \u201cventilation threshold\u201d in elderly","volume":"59","author":"S G Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2018.1481423","article-title":"Validity of the modified shuttle walk test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness\n                    after exercise intervention in overweight\/obese adults with primary\n                    hypertension","volume":"41","author":"B Jurio-Iriarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e318259b6a5","article-title":"Maximal oxygen uptake cannot be estimated from resting lung function and\n                    submaximal exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"32","author":"G Fregonezi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case\n                    for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign: A Scientific Statement From the American\n                    Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"R Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021041","article-title":"The dynamic calibration of cycle ergometers","volume":"15","author":"G F Woods","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2760-6902.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:32:26Z","timestamp":1782513146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2760-6902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2760-6902","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}}}