{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:12:01Z","timestamp":1768525921011,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the past four decades, numerous advances in imaging modalities have improved the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US), the most common imaging modalities in neuromuscular medicine, each have benefits and limitations. MRI has a large field of view, is better at identifying deeper structures, and can incorporate contrast and different imaging sequences. However, it involves higher costs and requires patients to lie flat for prolonged periods of time. Conversely, US is faster, well-tolerated, and cost-effective with high spatial resolution, but identifying deeper structures is limited. Consequently, MRI is more useful for imaging nerve roots and inherited myopathies, whereas US has advantages in peripheral neuropathies. This review focuses on imaging of nerves and muscles in common neuromuscular conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2769-6657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:42:47Z","timestamp":1768434167000},"page":"681-689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review of Imaging Modalities in Neuromuscular Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5451-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Staci P.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Cartwright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7328","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7328.35","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"324","author":"A Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182904f3f","article-title":"Detection of peripheral nerve pathology: comparison of ultrasound and MRI","volume":"80","author":"C M Zaidman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1268067","article-title":"Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of the peripheral nerves: current techniques, promising directions, and open issues","volume":"14","author":"E Kermarrec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-002-0932-6","article-title":"MRI of peripheral nerve lesions of the lower limbs","volume":"45","author":"M C Lacour-Petit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.10.012","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging to assess axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves","volume":"223","author":"H C Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111403","article-title":"Assessment of median nerve with MR neurography by using diffusion-tensor imaging: normative and pathologic diffusion values","volume":"265","author":"R Guggenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80286-2","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of muscle disease","volume":"101","author":"J Z Heckmatt","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.167.1.3279453","article-title":"Peripheral nerves of the extremities: imaging with US","volume":"167","author":"B D Fornage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Ultrasound","author":"D Neumann","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.10.005","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of peripheral nerves","volume":"85","author":"Z S Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.1.8571871","article-title":"MR imaging of spinal nerve roots: techniques, enhancement patterns, and imaging findings","volume":"166","author":"B A Georgy","year":"1996","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25147","article-title":"Neuroimaging of classic neuralgic amyotrophy","volume":"54","author":"D Lieba-Samal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27732","article-title":"Imaging of neuralgic amyotrophy in the acute phase","volume":"66","author":"P Ripellino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(02)00009-8","article-title":"Imaging of the spine and nerve roots","volume":"13","author":"T P Maus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020200012","article-title":"Anatomy, imaging, and pathologic conditions of the brachial plexus","volume":"40","author":"B M Gilcrease-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.4.g00jl091023","article-title":"MR imaging of nontraumatic brachial plexopathies: frequency and spectrum of findings","volume":"20","author":"K H Wittenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25708","article-title":"Ultrasonography in neuralgic amyotrophy: sensitivity, spectrum of findings, and clinical correlations","volume":"56","author":"Z Ar\u00c1nyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003443","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003443","article-title":"MRI of the cervical nerve roots in the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: a single-institution, retrospective case-control study","volume":"3","author":"K Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16447","article-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound in polyneuropathies","volume":"43","author":"Y K Nasr-Eldin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814559303","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging may be used for early evaluation of diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy","volume":"9","author":"M Vaeggemose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S292991","article-title":"Application of high-resolution ultrasound on diagnosing diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"H Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.08.031","article-title":"Nerve ultrasound can distinguish chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy from demyelinating diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy","volume":"57","author":"C Y Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01166-8","article-title":"Magnetic resonance neurography: improved diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies","volume":"18","author":"J Kollmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309599","article-title":"Ultrasound in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy: structure meets function in the neuromuscular clinic","volume":"86","author":"E Gallardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.9.1201","article-title":"Role of ulnar nerve sonography in leprosy neuropathy with electrophysiologic correlation","volume":"28","author":"J Elias Jr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285612437562","article-title":"Neuroimaging of motor neuron diseases","volume":"5","author":"J Kassubek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2510-8","article-title":"MRI of pathology-proven peripheral nerve amyloidosis","volume":"46","author":"G A McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2012.07.014","article-title":"MRI in hypertrophic mono- and polyneuropathies","volume":"68","author":"K De Smet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00181","article-title":"Multiple sites ultrasonography of peripheral nerves in differentiating Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 1A from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy","volume":"8","author":"J Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632096","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.632096","article-title":"Nerve ultrasound comparison between transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy","volume":"12","author":"K Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16377","article-title":"Pins and needles from fingers to toes: high-resolution MRI of peripheral sensory mononeuropathies","volume":"208","author":"S Deshmukh","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27983","article-title":"Neuromuscular ultrasound: impact on diagnosis and management","volume":"69","author":"R Gasemaltayeb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.8481","article-title":"Common hand conditions: a review","volume":"327","author":"K B Currie","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.01.101","article-title":"The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"119","author":"L D Hobson-Webb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202328","article-title":"Ultrasound for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: comparison of different methods to determine median nerve volume and value of power Doppler sonography","volume":"72","author":"C Dejaco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.08.467","article-title":"Ulnar nerve cross-sectional area for the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome: a meta-analysis of ultrasonographic measurements","volume":"99","author":"K V Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.15.3.7624563","article-title":"The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: spectrum of MR imaging findings","volume":"15","author":"E M Adams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2022.12.002","article-title":"Contribution of muscle MRI for diagnosis of myopathy","volume":"179","author":"N Venturelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8498","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07931-9","article-title":"MR imaging of inherited myopathies: a review and proposal of imaging algorithms","volume":"31","author":"L U Aivazoglou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00947-y","article-title":"Diagnostic value of muscle ultrasound for myopathies and myositis","volume":"22","author":"J Albayda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.2.155","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of ulnar nerve abscess in leprosy: a case report","volume":"78","author":"S Hari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2769-6657.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:44:04Z","timestamp":1768434244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2769-6657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2769-6657","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}