{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:32:02Z","timestamp":1789763522475,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Functional neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of brain physiology and pathophysiology, providing dynamic insights into neural activity that complement structural imaging. This review examines the principal functional neuroimaging modalities used in routine clinical practice, positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and their clinical applications in neurology. We present an evidence-based approach to modality selection and interpretation, emphasizing the integration of multimodal imaging data to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Recent advances in molecular imaging have transformed the evaluation of neurodegenerative diseases, moving the field from observing the downstream consequences of disease to visualizing the primary molecular pathologies in vivo. The development of specific PET ligands for amyloid-\u03b2 plaques, tau neurofibrillary tangles, neurotransmitter system components, and markers of synaptic density and neuroinflammation represents a paradigm shift toward a biological definition of these disorders. This review provides practical algorithms for clinical decision-making, critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of each technique, and highlights emerging applications that promise to further advance neurological diagnosis and management toward an era of precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2773-5481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:10:57Z","timestamp":1766189457000},"page":"699-713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Neuroimaging in Clinical Neurology: A Comprehensive Review of Commonly Used Modalities"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Arash","family":"Salardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology and Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disease, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.11.001","article-title":"A brief history of human brain mapping","volume":"32","author":"M E Raichle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"7573","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15692","article-title":"Progress and challenges in probing the human brain","volume":"526","author":"R A Poldrack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022534709672","article-title":"Energetics of functional activation in neural tissues","volume":"24","author":"L Sokoloff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.188029","article-title":"Forward to the past: the case for quantitative PET imaging","volume":"58","author":"A A Lammertsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.03.024","article-title":"Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks","volume":"62","author":"W W Seeley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1013","article-title":"From sensation to cognition","volume":"121","author":"M M Mesulam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.026","article-title":"Twenty years of functional MRI: the science and the stories","volume":"62","author":"P A Bandettini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.9226","article-title":"Positron emission tomography provides molecular imaging of biological processes","volume":"97","author":"M E Phelps","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0782426","article-title":"Molecular imaging with PET","volume":"108","author":"S M Ametamey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b136169","volume-title":"Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Sciences","author":"D L Bailey","year":"2005"},{"issue":"47","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8998","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200800222","article-title":"Synthesis of 11C, 18F, 15O, and 13N radiolabels for positron emission tomography","volume":"47","author":"P W Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Physics in Nuclear Medicine. 4th ed","author":"S R Cherry","year":"2012"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R287","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/17\/R01","article-title":"Recent developments in PET detector technology","volume":"53","author":"T K Lewellen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.10.001","article-title":"Positron emission tomography-computed tomography standardized uptake values in clinical practice and assessing response to therapy","volume":"31","author":"P E Kinahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mibio.2004.05.002","article-title":"Positron emission tomography in clinical neurology","volume":"6","author":"K Herholz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10649.x","article-title":"The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat","volume":"28","author":"L Sokoloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1986.27","article-title":"Quantification of neuroreceptors in the living human brain. I. Irreversible binding of ligands","volume":"6","author":"D F Wong","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1053\/snuc.2003.127300","article-title":"Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography in substance abuse research","volume":"33","author":"N D Volkow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70252-2","article-title":"Tau imaging: early progress and future directions","volume":"14","author":"V L Villemagne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70142-4","article-title":"Cerebral PET with florbetapir compared with neuropathology at autopsy for detection of neuritic amyloid-\u03b2 plaques: a prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"C M Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref21","first-page":"782","article-title":"Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. I. Theory and error analysis","volume":"24","author":"P Herscovitch","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","first-page":"158","article-title":"Reference and target region modeling of [11C]-(R)-PK11195 brain studies","volume":"48","author":"F E Turkheimer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"1387","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0471","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging","volume":"354","author":"P J Magistretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060502","article-title":"Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with (F-18)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: validation of method","volume":"6","author":"M E Phelps","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1762-7","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD","volume":"32","author":"L Mosconi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2016.09.008","article-title":"Presurgical focus localization in epilepsy: PET and SPECT","volume":"47","author":"W H Theodore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref27","first-page":"1892","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of interictal fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET in partial epilepsy","volume":"34","author":"T R Henry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2005.10.015","article-title":"The role of FDG-PET, ictal SPECT, and MEG in the epilepsy surgery evaluation","volume":"8","author":"R C Knowlton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2007.04.001","article-title":"The contribution of 18F-FDG PET in preoperative epilepsy surgery evaluation for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"O Willmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref30","first-page":"1167","article-title":"(18)F-FDG PET in localization of frontal lobe epilepsy: comparison of visual and SPM analysis","volume":"43","author":"Y K Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh257","article-title":"MRI-negative PET-positive temporal lobe epilepsy: a distinct surgically remediable syndrome","volume":"127","author":"R P Carne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820203a9","article-title":"FDG-PET improves surgical outcome in negative MRI Taylor-type focal cortical dysplasias","volume":"75","author":"F Chassoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000334752.41807.2f","article-title":"FDG-PET\/MRI coregistration improves detection of cortical dysplasia in patients with epilepsy","volume":"71","author":"N Salamon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref34","first-page":"1515","article-title":"Effect of valproate on cerebral metabolism and blood flow: an 18F\u20132-deoxyglucose and 15O water positron emission tomography study","volume":"43","author":"W H Theodore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199505000-00004","article-title":"FDG PET and differential diagnosis of dementia","volume":"9","author":"K Herholz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm177","article-title":"FDG-PET improves accuracy in distinguishing frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"130","author":"N L Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.107.045385","article-title":"Multicenter standardized 18F-FDG PET diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias","volume":"49","author":"L Mosconi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23291","article-title":"Typical cerebral metabolic patterns in neurodegenerative brain diseases","volume":"25","author":"L K Teune","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4035-y","article-title":"Clinical utility of FDG-PET for the differential diagnosis among the main forms of dementia","volume":"45","author":"P J Nestor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420114","article-title":"Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease","volume":"42","author":"S Minoshima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1194-1","article-title":"Cerebral metabolic changes accompanying conversion of mild cognitive impairment into Alzheimer's disease: a PET follow-up study","volume":"30","author":"A Drzezga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref42","first-page":"1875","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with frontotemporal dementia","volume":"39","author":"K Ishii","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref43","first-page":"873","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT or MRI for the diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia? A pilot study with pathological correlation","volume":"47","author":"J A Matias-Guiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000051257","article-title":"Occipital glucose metabolism in dementia with Lewy bodies with and without Parkinsonism: a study using positron emission tomography","volume":"12","author":"T Imamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.065870","article-title":"The 18F-FDG PET cingulate island sign and comparison to 123I-beta-CIT SPECT for diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"50","author":"S M Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-6467-9_21","article-title":"Positron emission tomography for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia","volume":"53","author":"R Mielke","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.012","article-title":"FDG PET in the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian disorders","volume":"26","author":"T Eckert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu256","article-title":"A disease-specific metabolic brain network associated with corticobasal degeneration","volume":"137","author":"M Niethammer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198705000-00002","article-title":"Positron emission tomography using [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose in brain tumors. A powerful diagnostic and prognostic tool","volume":"22","author":"G Di Chiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025665820001","article-title":"Prediction of pathology and survival by FDG PET in gliomas","volume":"64","author":"M V Padma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref51","first-page":"407","article-title":"Differentiating recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis: time for re-evaluation of positron emission tomography?","volume":"19","author":"P E Ricci","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1016","article-title":"The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"96","author":"S T Chao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3324","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of PET for recurrent glioma diagnosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"T Nihashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043384772","article-title":"Imaging beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the aging human brain","volume":"10","author":"C A Mathis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000352","article-title":"Abnormal brain metabolism on FDG-PET\/CT is a common early finding in autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"4","author":"J C Probasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043384772","article-title":"Imaging beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the aging human brain","volume":"10","author":"C A Mathis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2018.9","article-title":"Imaging tau and amyloid-\u03b2 proteinopathies in Alzheimer disease and other conditions","volume":"14","author":"V L Villemagne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"C R Jack Jr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002923","article-title":"A\/T\/N: An unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers","volume":"87","author":"C R Jack Jr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003","article-title":"Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"R A Sperling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"5580","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"J Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20009","article-title":"Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B","volume":"55","author":"W E Klunk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030026b","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of 11C-labeled 6-substituted 2-arylbenzothiazoles as amyloid imaging agents","volume":"46","author":"C A Mathis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.174615","article-title":"SNMMI procedure standard\/EANM practice guideline for amyloid PET imaging of the brain 1.0","volume":"57","author":"S Minoshima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.07.003","article-title":"The Centiloid Project: standardizing quantitative amyloid plaque estimation by PET","volume":"11","author":"W E Klunk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4669","article-title":"Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: a meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"R Ossenkoppele","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.4668","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"313","author":"W J Jansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2018.12.001","article-title":"Biomarkers for tau pathology","volume":"97","author":"M Sch\u00f6ll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.3.631","article-title":"Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"42","author":"P V Arriagada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref70","first-page":"748","article-title":"Relationships between flortaucipir PET tau binding and amyloid burden, clinical diagnosis, age and cognition","volume":"140","author":"M J Pontecorvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0315-6","article-title":"An autoradiographic evaluation of AV-1451 Tau PET in dementia","volume":"4","author":"V J Lowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.208215","article-title":"Brain imaging of Alzheimer dementia patients and elderly controls with (18)F-MK-6240, a PET tracer targeting neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"60","author":"T G Lohith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"H Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww027","article-title":"Tau PET patterns mirror clinical and neuroanatomical variability in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"139","author":"R Ossenkoppele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e-1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.01.002","article-title":"Appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET: a report of the Amyloid Imaging Task Force, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the Alzheimer's Association","volume":"9","author":"K A Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2000","article-title":"Association of amyloid positron emission tomography with subsequent change in clinical management among Medicare beneficiaries with mild cognitive impairment or dementia","volume":"321","author":"G D Rabinovici","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1346","article-title":"Association of amyloid positron emission tomography with changes in diagnosis and patient treatment in an unselected memory clinic cohort: the ABIDE project","volume":"75","author":"A de Wilde","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.220","article-title":"Appropriate use criteria for lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid testing in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"L M Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy059","article-title":"Longitudinal tau PET in ageing and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"141","author":"C R Jack Jr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263255","article-title":"Assessing reactive astrogliosis with 18F-SMBT-1 across the Alzheimer's disease spectrum","volume":"63","author":"V L Villemagne","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00501-z","article-title":"Neuropathology and molecular diagnosis of Synucleinopathies","volume":"16","author":"S Koga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14090847","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein PET tracer development-an overview about current efforts","volume":"14","author":"\u0160 Korat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201900689","article-title":"11C radiolabeling of anle253b: a putative PET tracer for Parkinson's disease that binds to \u03b1-synuclein fibrils in vitro and crosses the blood-brain barrier","volume":"15","author":"A Maurer","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz099","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report","volume":"142","author":"P T Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00019-9","article-title":"Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"33","author":"L Bu\u00e9e","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.09.042","article-title":"High-contrast in vivo imaging of tau pathologies in Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's disease tauopathies","volume":"109","author":"K Tagai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.09.041","article-title":"The phenotypic spectrum of progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"22","author":"G Respondek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2526","article-title":"Assessment of 18F-PI-2620 as a biomarker in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"77","author":"M Brendel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy146","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disease concomitant proteinopathies are prevalent, age-related and APOE4-associated","volume":"141","author":"J L Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.05.022","article-title":"Imaging dopamine's role in drug abuse and addiction","volume":"56","author":"N D Volkow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600493","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands","volume":"27","author":"R B Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0066","article-title":"Simplified reference tissue model for PET receptor studies","volume":"4","author":"A A Lammertsma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.12.009","article-title":"Molecular imaging of dopamine transporters","volume":"30","author":"D J Brooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.061572","article-title":"Simple ratio analysis of 18F-fluorodopa uptake in striatal subregions separates patients with early Parkinson disease from healthy controls","volume":"50","author":"P Jokinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.7.1325","article-title":"[11C]raclopride and positron emission tomography in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease: Influence of L-dopa and lisuride therapy on striatal dopamine D2-receptors","volume":"44","author":"A Antonini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.4.691","article-title":"In vivo mapping of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity in aging and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"52","author":"D E Kuhl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.124792","article-title":"In vivo imaging of human cholinergic nerve terminals with (-)-5-(18)F-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol: biodistribution, dosimetry, and tracer kinetic analyses","volume":"55","author":"M Petrou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00377-X","article-title":"Cholinergic system changes in Parkinson's disease: emerging therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"N I Bohnen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1843","article-title":"Occupancy of serotonin transporters by paroxetine and citalopram during treatment of depression: a [(11)C]DASB PET imaging study","volume":"158","author":"J H Meyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.01.009","article-title":"5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder","volume":"88","author":"J Savitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.113.130641","article-title":"Initial evaluation of 18F-GE-179, a putative PET Tracer for activated N-methyl D-aspartate receptors","volume":"55","author":"C J McGinnity","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3938-6","article-title":"Application of cross-species PET imaging to assess neurotransmitter release in brain","volume":"232","author":"S J Finnema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.166","article-title":"The role of imaging in proof of concept for CNS drug discovery and development","volume":"34","author":"D F Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000177884.72657.8b","article-title":"Comparative overview of brain perfusion imaging techniques","volume":"36","author":"M Wintermark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref105","first-page":"790","article-title":"Brain blood flow measured with intravenous H2(15)O. II. Implementation and validation","volume":"24","author":"M E Raichle","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.036","article-title":"Oxygen metabolism, oxygen extraction and positron emission tomography: Historical perspective and impact on basic and clinical neuroscience","volume":"61","author":"J C Baron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0901.095692","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion: can acetazolamide test predict it?","volume":"32","author":"S Kuroda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1985.89","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen requirements for cerebral function and viability in humans","volume":"5","author":"W J Powers","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf047","article-title":"Variability of cerebral blood volume and oxygen extraction: stages of cerebral haemodynamic impairment revisited","volume":"125","author":"C P Derdeyn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.141093","article-title":"Absolute quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with or without myocardial ischemia using dynamic flurpiridaz F 18 PET","volume":"55","author":"R R Packard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410300410","article-title":"Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment","volume":"30","author":"R D Terry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1836","article-title":"Assessing synaptic density in Alzheimer disease with synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A positron emission tomographic imaging","volume":"75","author":"M K Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12097","article-title":"In vivo measurement of widespread synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease with SV2A PET","volume":"16","author":"A P Mecca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04461-x","article-title":"In vivo imaging of synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease with [18F]UCB-H positron emission tomography","volume":"47","author":"C Bastin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2020.00034","article-title":"What has neuroimaging taught us on the neurobiology of yoga? A review","volume":"14","author":"J van Aalst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Integr Nuerosci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"M T Heneka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.10.002","article-title":"The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (Translocator protein 18kDa) in microglia: from pathology to imaging","volume":"80","author":"S Venneti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.147","article-title":"An 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) polymorphism explains differences in binding affinity of the PET radioligand PBR28","volume":"32","author":"D R Owen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.087031","article-title":"Evidence for astrocytosis in prodromal Alzheimer disease provided by 11C-deuterium-L-deprenyl: a multitracer PET paradigm combining 11C-Pittsburgh compound B and 18F-FDG","volume":"53","author":"S F Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812155116","article-title":"PET imaging of microglia by targeting macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)","volume":"116","author":"A G Horti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1034-z","article-title":"Purinergic receptors P2Y12R and P2\u2009\u00d7\u20097R: potential targets for PET imaging of microglia phenotypes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"W Beaino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1592","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009249","article-title":"In vivo mitochondrial and glycolytic impairments in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"94","author":"T Terada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524910909030190","article-title":"Imaging of sigma1 receptors in the human brain using PET and [11C]SA4503","volume":"9","author":"J Toyohara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12116","article-title":"[18F]MK-9470 PET measurement of cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in chronic cannabis users","volume":"20","author":"J Ceccarini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref125","first-page":"259","article-title":"Brain SPECT in clinical practice. Part I: perfusion","volume":"42","author":"A M Catafau","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328042baf6","article-title":"The use of SPECT and PET in routine clinical practice in epilepsy","volume":"20","author":"W Van Paesschen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796025","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/796025","article-title":"Molecular SPECT imaging: an overview","volume":"2011","author":"M M Khalil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Mol Imaging"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57580-3","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Nuclear Pharmacy. 7th ed","author":"G B Saha","year":"2018"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref129","first-page":"191","article-title":"Technetium-99m d,l-HM-PAO: a new radiopharmaceutical for SPECT imaging of regional cerebral blood perfusion","volume":"28","author":"R D Neirinckx","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.105379","article-title":"Nigrostriatal dopamine terminal imaging with dopamine transporter SPECT: an update","volume":"54","author":"K Tatsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e3282f3a515","article-title":"PET versus SPECT: strengths, limitations and challenges","volume":"29","author":"A Rahmim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-018-1292-6","article-title":"SPECT and PET imaging in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"32","author":"V Valotassiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0426-z","article-title":"Systematic review of the diagnostic utility of SPECT imaging in dementia","volume":"263","author":"J M Yeo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref134","first-page":"1450","article-title":"Superiority of 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis over visual inspection in discrimination of patients with very early Alzheimer's disease from controls using brain perfusion SPECT","volume":"45","author":"E Imabayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.02.025","article-title":"PET and SPECT in epilepsy: a critical review","volume":"15","author":"C la Foug\u00e8re","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref136","first-page":"285","article-title":"SPECT brain imaging in epilepsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"M D Devous Sr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.2.445","article-title":"Subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI improves clinical usefulness of SPECT in localizing the surgical seizure focus","volume":"50","author":"T J O'Brien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03686.x","article-title":"Interictal PET and ictal subtraction SPECT: sensitivity in the detection of seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"A Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.133","article-title":"[123I]FP-CIT SPECT shows a pronounced decline of striatal dopamine transporter labelling in early and advanced Parkinson's disease","volume":"62","author":"J Booij","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1267-x","article-title":"EANM procedure guidelines for brain neurotransmission SPECT using (123)I-labelled dopamine transporter ligands, version 2","volume":"37","author":"J Darcourt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200005)15:3<503::AID-MDS1013>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Accurate differentiation of Parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group","volume":"15","author":"T S Benamer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25103","article-title":"Striatal dopamine in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis of imaging studies","volume":"82","author":"V Kaasinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002350","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"G Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"S 07","key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10579","article-title":"Correlation of dopamine transporter imaging with Parkinsonian motor handicap: how close is it?","volume":"18","author":"W Pirker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"S Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6843","key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/35084005","article-title":"Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal","volume":"412","author":"N K Logothetis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"19","author":"J R Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI","volume":"34","author":"B Biswal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5345","article-title":"American Society of Functional Neuroradiology-recommended fMRI paradigm algorithms for presurgical language assessment","volume":"38","author":"D F Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12068","article-title":"Language lateralization by fMRI and Wada testing in 229 patients with epilepsy: rates and predictors of discordance","volume":"54","author":"J K Janecek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25012","article-title":"Neurovascular uncoupling in resting state fMRI demonstrated in patients with primary brain gliomas","volume":"43","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"42","key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504935102","article-title":"Generalized epileptic discharges show thalamocortical activation and suspension of the default state of the brain","volume":"102","author":"J Gotman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20323","article-title":"Temporal lobe interictal epileptic discharges affect cerebral activity in \u201cdefault mode\u201d brain regions","volume":"28","author":"H Laufs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308627101","article-title":"Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI","volume":"101","author":"M D Greicius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8890","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5698-11.2012","article-title":"Loss of intranetwork and internetwork resting state functional connections with Alzheimer's disease progression","volume":"32","author":"M R Brier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910230106","article-title":"Perfusion imaging","volume":"23","author":"J A Detre","year":"1992","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.192.2.8029425","article-title":"Qualitative mapping of cerebral blood flow and functional localization with echo-planar MR imaging and signal targeting with alternating radio frequency","volume":"192","author":"R R Edelman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910330210","article-title":"Multi-slice MRI of rat brain perfusion during amphetamine stimulation using arterial spin labeling","volume":"33","author":"A C Silva","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21790","article-title":"Continuous flow-driven inversion for arterial spin labeling using pulsed radio frequency and gradient fields","volume":"60","author":"W Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197","article-title":"Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: a consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia","volume":"73","author":"D C Alsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.01.003","article-title":"Arterial spin label imaging of acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"21","author":"G Zaharchuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003218","article-title":"Arterial spin labeling versus bolus-tracking perfusion in hyperacute stroke","volume":"45","author":"A Bivard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.1.FOCUS08300","article-title":"Quantitative hemodynamic studies in moyamoya disease: a review","volume":"26","author":"M Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2008","article-title":"Multiple inflow pulsed arterial spin-labeling reveals delays in the arterial arrival time in minor stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"31","author":"B J MacIntosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000238163.71349.78","article-title":"Hypoperfusion in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease by arterial spin labeling MRI","volume":"67","author":"A T Du","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2503080751","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer disease: patterns of altered cerebral blood flow at MR imaging","volume":"250","author":"W Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f11e35","article-title":"Distinct cerebral perfusion patterns in FTLD and AD","volume":"75","author":"W T Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.099432","article-title":"Visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies: magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"200","author":"J P Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2013.03.023","article-title":"Cerebral perfusion alterations in epileptic patients during peri-ictal and post-ictal phase: PASL vs DSC-MRI","volume":"31","author":"F B Pizzini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref170","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Detection of mesial temporal lobe hypoperfusion in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy by use of arterial spin labeled perfusion MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"R L Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13130531","article-title":"Clinical proton MR spectroscopy in central nervous system disorders","volume":"270","author":"G Oz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.12.003","article-title":"N-acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology","volume":"81","author":"J R Moffett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940040203","article-title":"A review of chemical issues in 1H NMR spectroscopy: N-acetyl-L-aspartate, creatine and choline","volume":"4","author":"B L Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2810021","article-title":"Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the \u2018phosphocreatine circuit\u2019 for cellular energy homeostasis","volume":"281","author":"T Wallimann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000111347","article-title":"Multinuclear NMR studies on the energy metabolism of glial and neuronal cells","volume":"15","author":"A Brand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.13.5829","article-title":"Lactate rise detected by 1H NMR in human visual cortex during physiologic stimulation","volume":"88","author":"J Prichard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.12.004","article-title":"Current practice in the use of MEGA-PRESS spectroscopy for the detection of GABA","volume":"86","author":"P G Mullins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21657","article-title":"Metabolic alterations: a biomarker for radiation-induced normal brain injury-an MR spectroscopy study","volume":"29","author":"P C Sundgren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"116","key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116ra4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002693","article-title":"Detection of 2-hydroxyglutarate in IDH-mutated glioma patients by in vivo spectral-editing and 2D correlation magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"4","author":"O C Andronesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420510","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging volumetry in the lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy: a series of 100 patients","volume":"42","author":"F Cendes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"S 04","key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03610.x","article-title":"Hippocampal sclerosis\u2013origins and imaging","volume":"53","author":"K Malmgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.2.210","article-title":"Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A 1H MRS study","volume":"55","author":"K Kantarci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.203.3.9169712","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia and early Alzheimer disease: differentiation with frontal lobe H-1 MR spectroscopy","volume":"203","author":"T Ernst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.71","article-title":"1H-MRS evidence of neurodegeneration and excess glutamate + glutamine in ALS medulla","volume":"53","author":"E P Pioro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924734","article-title":"Natural history of Canavan disease revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and diffusion-weighted MRI","volume":"37","author":"C G Janson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-0955-7","article-title":"MR diffusion imaging and MR spectroscopy of maple syrup urine disease during acute metabolic decompensation","volume":"45","author":"W Jan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref187","first-page":"33","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnostic evaluation of suspected mitochondrial disease","volume":"24","author":"D D Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref188","first-page":"37","article-title":"Current concepts of mixed pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"50","author":"G Blennow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref189","first-page":"107","article-title":"An update on brain imaging in Parkinsonian dementia","volume":"31","author":"R Bhattacharya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Access J. Neurol"},{"key":"ref190","first-page":"55","article-title":"Hemodynamic state of periictal hyperperfusion revealed by arterial spin labeling MRI","volume":"85","author":"S Moura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref191","first-page":"313","article-title":"The emerging role of amino acid PET in neuro-oncology","volume":"13","author":"T Galldiks","year":"2018","journal-title":"PET Clin"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.020","article-title":"Imaging correlations of tau, amyloid, metabolism, and atrophy in typical and atypical Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"J L Whitwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5126","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24314","article-title":"From simultaneous to synergistic MR-PET brain imaging: a review of hybrid MR-PET imaging methodologies","volume":"39","author":"Z Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.203414","article-title":"A noninvasive method for quantifying cerebral blood flow by hybrid PET\/MRI","volume":"59","author":"T Ssali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0070-z","article-title":"Structural tract alterations predict downstream tau accumulation in amyloid-positive older individuals","volume":"21","author":"H IL Jacobs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26000","article-title":"MR-assisted PET motion correction in simultaneous PET\/MRI studies of dementia subjects","volume":"48","author":"K T Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.057","article-title":"A review on neuroimaging-based classification studies and associated feature extraction methods for Alzheimer's disease and its prodromal stages","volume":"155","author":"S Rathore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.05.004","article-title":"Accurate multimodal probabilistic prediction of conversion to Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"2","author":"J Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.031","article-title":"A parameter-efficient deep learning approach to predict conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease","volume":"189","author":"S Spasov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170700","article-title":"Deep learning MR imaging-based attenuation correction for PET\/MR imaging","volume":"286","author":"F Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53485-9.00011-8","article-title":"Positron emission tomography","volume":"135","author":"K Lameka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"7618","key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19323","article-title":"The antibody aducanumab reduces A\u03b2 plaques in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"537","author":"J Sevigny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12582","article-title":"Synaptic density and cognitive performance in Alzheimer's disease: a PET imaging study with [11 C]UCB-J","volume":"18","author":"A P Mecca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25682","article-title":"Synaptic changes in Parkinson disease assessed within vivo imaging","volume":"87","author":"D Matuskey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7440","key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11971","article-title":"Magnetic resonance fingerprinting","volume":"495","author":"D Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2773-5481.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:44:47Z","timestamp":1768434287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2773-5481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":205,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2773-5481","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0271-8235","1098-9021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0271-8235","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-9021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}