{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:20:41Z","timestamp":1790018441408,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Spinal lesions in athletes can be classified into overuse and acute injuries. Overuse injuries can be found after repetitive spinal load during sport activity; acute trauma injuries of the spine are common in contact sports. We present an overview of the wide spectrum of spinal injuries related to sport activity and review their imaging findings. Concerning overuse injuries, we focus on degenerative spine disease, spondylolysis, pedicle fractures, apophyseal ring injuries, Schmorl's nodes, and Scheuermann's disease. Acute spinal injuries are relatively frequently reported in athletes and may be the reason for severe morbidity. Similar to the general population, the type of acute spine fracture in athletes depends on the specific trauma mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2774-0326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:44:21Z","timestamp":1770684261000},"page":"180-191","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spine in Athletes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3918-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc Andr\u00e9","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-4535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Bazzocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, The Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhesh","family":"Lalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"ref1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Clinical applications of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis and assessment of musculoskeletal sports injuries","volume":"39","author":"M Minoves Font","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.07.008","article-title":"The \u201cNewbie\u201d syndrome","volume":"28","author":"V Sch\u00f6ffl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4647-5","article-title":"The role of intense athletic activity on structural lumbar abnormalities in adolescent patients with symptomatic low back pain","volume":"25","author":"G D Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2017-000335","article-title":"Evaluation of spine MRIs in athletes participating in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympic Games","volume":"4","author":"M S Wasserman","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2007.6.767","article-title":"Overuse injuries in female athletes","volume":"48","author":"A Ivkovi\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.01.017","article-title":"Spinal injury in sport","volume":"62","author":"A Barile","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CSMR.0000306071.44520.f9","article-title":"Catastrophic spine injuries in sports","volume":"4","author":"B P Boden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2018.07.001","article-title":"MR Imaging at Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games: Report of experience using state-of-the-art 3.0-T and 1.5-T wide-bore MR imaging scanners in high-performance athletes","volume":"26","author":"R Domingues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.05.029","article-title":"The epidemiology of MRI-detected pelvic injuries in athletes in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympics","volume":"105","author":"R Heiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092345","article-title":"Imaging at London 2012 Summer Olympic Games: analysis of demand and distribution of workload","volume":"47","author":"S Bethapudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018171510","article-title":"Sports injuries at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympics: use of diagnostic imaging services","volume":"287","author":"A Guermazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199104000-00009","article-title":"Disc degeneration and associated abnormalities of the spine in elite gymnasts. A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"16","author":"L Sw\u00e4rd","year":"1991","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221119439","article-title":"Effects of competition level on the prevalence and incidence of lumbar disk degeneration in Japanese collegiate gymnasts","volume":"10","author":"K Koyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-3057-3","article-title":"MRI-detected spinal disc degenerative changes in athletes participating in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympics games","volume":"21","author":"M Abdalkader","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200109010-00011","article-title":"Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"26","author":"C W Pfirrmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709484","article-title":"Stress injuries of the spine in sports","volume":"24","author":"J S Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref17","first-page":"450","article-title":"Lumbar spondylolysis: occurrence in competitive athletes. Updated achievements in a series of 390 cases","volume":"30","author":"F Rossi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170130017004","article-title":"Back pain in young athletes. Significant differences from adults in causes and patterns","volume":"149","author":"L J Micheli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-022-09760-9","article-title":"A review of treatment for acute and chronic pars fractures in the lumbar spine","volume":"15","author":"A A Linton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"138","article-title":"Pediatric stress fractures: a pictorial essay","volume":"36","author":"N H Shelat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E233","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000162","article-title":"Etiology of adult-onset stress fracture in the lumbar spine","volume":"30","author":"F Tezuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000003059","article-title":"Can MRI replace CT in the diagnosis and staging of lumbar spondylolysis in pediatric patients? A validation study using MR bone imaging","volume":"46","author":"Y Kinoshita","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.08.029","article-title":"Pars interarticularis injury in elite athletes\u2014the role of imaging in diagnosis and management","volume":"108","author":"K K Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201150-00012","article-title":"Stress reactions of the lumbar pars interarticularis: the development of a new MRI classification system","volume":"27","author":"G M Hollenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3390\/computation12080152","article-title":"Ultrashort echo time and fast field echo imaging for spine bone imaging with application in spondylolysis evaluation","volume":"12","author":"D Vucevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computation (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11644-8","article-title":"Radiological evaluation and clinical implications of deep learning- and MRI-based synthetic CT for the assessment of cervical spine injuries","volume":"35","author":"G Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04437-x","article-title":"T1-VIBE and STIR MRI of lumbar pars interarticularis injuries in elite athletes: fracture characterisation and potential prognostic indicators","volume":"53","author":"C Watura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000529","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2019-000529","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of lumbar stress fracture in English County Cricket fast bowlers, association with bowling workload and seasonal variation","volume":"5","author":"P Alway","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504269035","article-title":"Athletes with unilateral spondylolysis are at risk of stress fracture at the contralateral pedicle and pars interarticularis: a clinical and biomechanical study","volume":"33","author":"K Sairyo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.2.7839983","article-title":"Lumbar spondylolysis: reactive marrow changes seen in adjacent pedicles on MR images","volume":"164","author":"J L Ulmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967113500222","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967113500222","article-title":"Anterior limbus vertebra and intervertebral disk degeneration in Japanese collegiate gymnasts","volume":"1","author":"K Koyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181d534f3","article-title":"ISSLS prize winner: prevalence, determinants, and association of Schmorl nodes of the lumbar spine with disc degeneration: a population-based study of 2449 individuals","volume":"35","author":"F P Mok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30408-7","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of sports-related spinal disorders","volume":"12","author":"T J Greenan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref34","first-page":"63","article-title":"The female athlete. The triad of disordered eating, amenorrhoea and osteoporosis","volume":"26","author":"R V West","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2774-0326.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:44:20Z","timestamp":1773791060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2774-0326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2774-0326","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-7860","1098-898X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-7860","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-898X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}