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To\n                    address these drawbacks, inter-effort recovery hypoxia has been proposed. This\n                    study investigated the effects of a 5-week inter-effort recovery hypoxia\n                    protocol followed by a 1-week tapering period in recreational runners.\n                    Twenty-four men were allocated to an inter-effort recovery hypoxia group\n                        (n\u2009=\u200911) or a normoxia group (n\u2009=\u200913) and assessed for body\n                    composition, hematological profile, running economy, maximum velocity, and peak\n                    oxygen uptake before training (W0), after training (W6), and after tapering\n                    (W8). Training consisted of 3 weekly sessions for 5 weeks: a 5-minute warm-up at\n                    60% of maximum velocity, ten 1-minute effort at 120% (wk 1\u20133) or 130% (wk 4 and\n                    5) of maximum velocity with 2-minute passive recovery, and 5-minute cool-down at\n                    60% of maximum velocity. The inter-effort recovery hypoxia group inhaled hypoxic\n                    air (fraction of inspired oxygen=0.136) during warm-up, recovery bouts, and\n                    cool-down. Outcomes were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Peak\n                    oxygen uptake increased in the inter-effort recovery hypoxia group at W6 (+7%)\n                    and W8 (+10%), while the normoxia group improved at W8 (+7%), without group\n                    differences; running economy improved in the normoxia group at W8 (+10%). No\n                    significant changes occurred in erythropoietin, erythrocytes, hemoglobin,\n                    reticulocytes, or body composition. The 5-week inter-effort recovery hypoxia\n                    protocol enhanced peak oxygen uptake without hematological changes, indicating a\n                    feasible and non-erythropoietic strategy for improving aerobic fitness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2779-0157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:06:44Z","timestamp":1769818004000},"page":"511-520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inter-Effort Recovery Hypoxia Increases Peak Oxygen Consumption\n                    without Hematological Changes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8191-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germano M.","family":"Putti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of\n                    Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"},{"name":"Hypoxia, Sport and Health Team, School of Applied Sciences, Limeira,\n                    S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0815-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus S.","family":"Norberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto,\n                    Brazil"},{"name":"Hypoxia, Sport and Health Team, School of Applied Sciences, Limeira,\n                    S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3526-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Dellavechia de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto,\n                    Brazil"},{"name":"Hypoxia, Sport and Health Team, School of Applied Sciences, Limeira,\n                    S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Vieira da","family":"Silva-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeir\u00e3o Preto,\n                    Chemistry Department, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto,\n                    Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-7149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Papoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of\n                    Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil"},{"name":"Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto,\n                    Brazil"},{"name":"Hypoxia, Sport and Health Team, School of Applied Sciences, Limeira,\n                    S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00026","article-title":"An Updated Panorama of \u201cLiving Low-Training High\u201d Altitude\/Hypoxic Methods","volume":"2","author":"O Girard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Sports Act Living"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/11317920-000000000-00000","article-title":"Combining hypoxic Methods for peak performance","volume":"40","author":"G P Millet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i45","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092741","article-title":"Advancing hypoxic training in team sports: from intermittent hypoxic training to\n                    repeated sprint training in hypoxia","volume":"47","author":"R Faiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.18.3133","article-title":"Muscle tissue adaptations to hypoxia","volume":"204","author":"H Hoppeler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-015-8373-7","article-title":"Up-Regulation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by Cobalt Chloride\n                    Through a HIF-1\u03b1 Mechanism in Neuroblastoma Cells","volume":"17","author":"G Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroMol Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00359.2005","article-title":"Exercise training in normobaric hypoxia in endurance runners. III. Muscular\n                    adjustments of selected gene transcripts","volume":"100","author":"J Zoll","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2012.12.003","article-title":"Regulation of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factors","volume":"27","author":"V H Haase","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Reviews"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0733-z","article-title":"Effects of Altitude\/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A\n                    Comprehensive Review","volume":"47","author":"O Girard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.3.319","article-title":"Is Gross Efficiency Lower at Acute Simulated Altitude Than at Sea Level?","volume":"8","author":"D A Noordhof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0297007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297007","article-title":"Effects of various living-low and training-high modes with distinct training\n                    prescriptions on sea-level performance: A network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"X Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14261","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114261","article-title":"High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic\n                    Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and\n                    Meta-Regression","volume":"19","author":"A Westmacott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700826","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.700826","article-title":"The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic\u2013Hyperoxic Exposures on Lipid Profile and\n 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Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12052","article-title":"Repeated-sprint performance and vastus lateralis oxygenation: Effect of limited\n                        O2 availability","volume":"23","author":"F Billaut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0204-8","article-title":"Application of \u2018Live Low-Train High\u2019 for Enhancing Normoxic Exercise Performance\n                    in Team Sport Athletes","volume":"44","author":"B D McLean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001520","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2022-001520","article-title":"Inter-effort recovery hypoxia: a new paradigm in sport science?","volume":"9","author":"M Papoti","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc 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Esporte"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12146","article-title":"Exercise responses to repeated cycle sprints with continuous and intermittent\n                    hypoxic exposure","volume":"24","author":"S N Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.70252\/EDSR9101","article-title":"Inter-Effort Recovery Intermittent Hypoxia and Force Parameters in Sprint\n                    Interval Exercise","volume":"18","author":"T B de Arruda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000150077.30672.88","article-title":"Effects of hypoxic interval training on cycling performance","volume":"37","author":"B Roels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports 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Sci"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"394","article-title":"Comparison of live high: train low altitude and intermittent hypoxic\n                    exposure","volume":"12","author":"C E Humberstone-Gough","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386650","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1386650","article-title":"Intermittent hypoxia training does not change erythrocyte aggregation indicators\n                    in young, healthy men","volume":"15","author":"M Mardy\u0142a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00342.2006","article-title":"Increased serum erythropoietin but not red cell production after 4 wk of\n                    intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (4,000\u20135,500 m)","volume":"101","author":"C J Gore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050669","article-title":"Erythropoietin acute reaction and haematological adaptations to short,\n                    intermittent hypobaric hypoxia","volume":"82","author":"F A Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00941.2020","article-title":"Short exposure to intermittent hypoxia increases erythropoietin levels in\n                    healthy individuals","volume":"130","author":"F Wojan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197257","article-title":"Effect of a Single Session of Intermittent Hypoxia on Erythropoietin and\n                    Oxygen-Carrying Capacity","volume":"17","author":"M J Nagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-020-04310-y","article-title":"Intermittent not continuous hypoxia provoked haematological adaptations in\n                    healthy seniors: hypoxic pattern may hold the key","volume":"120","author":"B Tobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1089\/15270290260131939","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxia Research in the Former Soviet Union and the Commonwealth of\n                    Independent States: History and Review of the Concept and Selected\n                    Applications","volume":"3","author":"T V Serebrovskaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0451","article-title":"Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification\n       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Biol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.08.014","article-title":"Improved running economy and increased hemoglobin mass in elite runners after\n                    extended moderate altitude exposure","volume":"12","author":"P U Saunders","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3370","article-title":"EPO and the athlete biological passport: Hematological results from a\n                    placebo-controlled, boosting and microdose EPO administration in male\n                    recreational athletes","volume":"14","author":"G D Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6479630","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6479630","article-title":"Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure Reduces Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"2020","author":"A Zembron-Lacny","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed 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