{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:40:24Z","timestamp":1791996024405,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","funder":[{"name":"The Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["IG 2022 \u2013 ID. 27843 project \/ (AIRC) IG 2023 \u2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG 2022 \u2013 ID. 27843 project \/ (AIRC) IG 2023 \u2013"]}]},{"name":"European Commission Horizon Europe","award":["101057099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057099"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2002This study assessed the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) in generating lay summaries for patient education on the management of precancerous lesions and early neoplasia in the stomach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods\u2002In this pilot study, we used a two-period, crossover, blinded design to compare a ChatGPT-4o summary versus a Digestive Cancers Europe (DiCE) summary. Two panels rated the materials: expert physicians and DiCE Patient Advisory Committee members. Experts scored accuracy, completeness, comprehensibility, and satisfaction (across five sections); patients rated overall completeness, comprehensibility, and satisfaction. Paired comparisons used mixed-effects estimates. Readability was assessed with Flesch\u2013Kincaid grade level (FKGL) and SMOG index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2002Median expert ratings were similar between materials across metrics. For the overall summary, median (range; IQR) scores were: accuracy 5 (4\u20136; 1) for ChatGPT-4o vs. 5 (3\u20136; 1) for DiCE (P\u200a=\u200a0.10); completeness 4 (3\u20135; 1) vs. 4 (2\u20135; 1; P\u200a=\u200a0.27); comprehensibility 4 (3\u20135; 1) vs. 4 (2\u20135; 1; P\u200a=\u200a0.33); and satisfaction 4 (2\u20135; 1) vs. 3 (1\u20135; 2; P\u200a=\u200a0.53). Patient ratings mirrored experts, with very similar results. Readability failed to meet guideline recommendations for both summaries on both FKGL and SMOG scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion\u2002ChatGPT-4o produced patient materials comparable to DiCE, but both require readability optimization; a human-in-the-loop workflow and future tests across prompts and models are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2780-0664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:33:04Z","timestamp":1771029184000},"page":"669-677","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Generative artificial intelligence for patient education material on gastric cancer prevention"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Tommy","family":"Rizkala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Muench","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DiCE: Digestive Cancer Europe, Bruessels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9084-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Dinis-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precancerous Lesions and Early Cancer Management Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI\u2010IPOP)\/CI\u2010IPOP@RISE (Health Research Group), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Generative AI Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-024-02482-1","article-title":"Leveraging patient education to amplify colorectal cancer screening in the United States: strategies and implications","volume":"40","author":"S Baskar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jbi\/wbae002","article-title":"Effectiveness of community education for breast cancer screening","volume":"6","author":"N Zafar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Breast 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Pathology (ESP) Guideline update 2025","volume":"57","author":"M Dinis-Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2388-6084","article-title":"The role of generative language systems in increasing patient awareness of colon cancer screening","volume":"57","author":"M 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