{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T23:08:10Z","timestamp":1775084890718,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03\/04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aims to examine the long-term socio-economic and psychological\n                        outcomes associated with different early childhood care arrangements, while\n                        considering the influence of historical and political regional differences\n                        between East and West Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 4,130 individuals (2,069 from East Germany and 2,061 from West\n                        Germany) were surveyed regarding their early childhood care experiences.\n                        Participants were divided into three groups: (1) those exclusively in family\n                        care, (2) those who received additional external care before age three, and\n                        (3) those who entered external care from age three onward. Data were\n                        analyzed using chi-square tests, alpha-adjusted t-tests, and multiple\n                        regression analyses to assess the prevalence of adult socio-economic burdens\n                        across care groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Findings indicated that East Germans raised exclusively in family care were\n                        more likely to experience socio-economic disadvantages in adulthood compared\n                        to peers who received early external care. Similar, though less pronounced,\n                        patterns were observed among participants from West Germany.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The results highlight regional differences in the long-term effects of early\n                        childcare, reflecting historical and structural variations between East and\n                        West Germany. In the East, where external childcare was more\n                        institutionalized, such arrangements appear to have provided lasting\n                        protective effects against socio-economic disadvantage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>External childcare, particularly in East Germany, may play a significant role\n                        in mitigating long-term inequalities. These findings underscore the\n                        importance of early interventions and equitable childcare access in\n                        addressing structural and political determinants of social inequality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2793-9812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:30:26Z","timestamp":1775082626000},"page":"114-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Socioeconomic burdens and mental health in adult life \u2013 The role of\n                    early childhood care in East and West Germany"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University\n                    Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kasinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and\n                    Psychotherapy, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1743-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfred E.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University\n                    Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0142-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Theresa","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology,\n                    University Medical Center of the Friedrich Schiller-University Jena, Jena,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Br\u00e4hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University\n                    Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz,\n                    Germany"},{"name":"Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,\n                    Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","first-page":"318","article-title":"Die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf, Familie und Kindererziehung: Ein Vergleich von\n                    Leitbildern und Regelungen in der DDR und in der BRD","volume":"44","author":"M Schuster","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arbeit und Sozialpolitik"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.25656\/01:12797","article-title":"Die Betreuung von Kindern im vorschulischen Alter","volume":"37","author":"W Tietze","year":"1991","journal-title":"Z F\u00fcr P\u00e4dagog"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1005-9_939","volume-title":"Attachment Theory","author":"A M Hicks","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Attachment and Loss","author":"J Bowlby","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(01)00036-4","article-title":"Infant\u2013care provider attachments in contrasting child care settings I:\n                    Group-oriented care before German reunification","volume":"23","author":"L Ahnert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infant Behavior & Development"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2022.12.015","article-title":"Young children\u2019s cortisol levels at out-of-home child care: A meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"S M De Vet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.23668\/psycharchives.10135","volume-title":"Kapitel 1 \u2013 Krippenbetreuung in der DDR - Sozialpolitischer und ideologischer\n                    Kontext","author":"A Israel","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00465","article-title":"Shedding Further Light on the Effects of Various Types and Quality of Early\n                    Child Care on Infant\u2013Mother Attachment Relationship: The Haifa Study of Early\n                    Child Care","volume":"73","author":"A Sagi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2021-216430","article-title":"Framework for understanding health inequalities over the life course: the\n                    embodiment dynamic and biological mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous\n                    origin","volume":"75","author":"M Kelly-Irving","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01934-5","article-title":"Mental health and academic performance: a study on selection and causation\n                    effects from childhood to early adulthood","volume":"56","author":"S Agnafors","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01432-3","article-title":"Toddlers\u2019 diurnal cortisol levels affected by out-of-home, center-based\n                    childcare and at-home, guardian-supervised childcare: comparison between\n                    different caregiving contexts","volume":"29","author":"K Tervahartiala","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"189","article-title":"Infant Distress at Child Care Entry: Associations with Infant-Mother\n                    Attachment","volume":"47","author":"L Ahnert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01967.x","article-title":"The Effects of Infant Child Care on Infant-Mother Attachment Security: Results\n                    of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care NICHD Early Child Care Research\n                    Network","volume":"68","author":"NICHD Early Child Care Research\n                        Network","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1026\/0049-8637\/a000080","article-title":"Kurz- und langfristige Effekte au\u00dferfamili\u00e4rer Kleinkindbetreuung auf die\n                    kognitive und sprachliche Entwicklung unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der\n                    Betreuungsqualit\u00e4t","volume":"45","author":"K B\u00e4uerlein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Entwicklungspsychologie, P\u00e4dagogik und\n                    Psychologie"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"Die Dauer vorschulischer Betreuungsund Bildungserfahrungen \u2013 Ergebnisse auf der\n                    Basis von Paneldaten","author":"C B\u00fcchner","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01431.x","article-title":"Do Effects of Early Child Care Extend to Age 15 Years? Results From the NICHD\n                    Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development","volume":"81","author":"D L Vandell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":". Child care and child development: Results from the NICHD study of early child\n                    care and youth development","author":"The NICHD Early Child Care Research\n                        Network","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.30820\/9783837930504-79","volume-title":"Bedingungen au\u00dferfamili\u00e4rer Kleinkindbetreuung in der DDR","author":"J Br\u00fcckner","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"209","article-title":"Hat der Besuch einer Kinderkrippe Auswirkungen auf psychische und\n                    Einstellungsfaktoren im Erwachsenenalter? Ergebnisse der S\u00e4chsischen\n                    L\u00e4ngsschnittstudie","volume":"2","author":"H Berth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoanalyse - Texte zur Sozialforschung"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2023.0276","article-title":"Early childhood care in the former East Germany and mental stress in\n                    adulthood","volume":"121","author":"L Braunheim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Lifetime Effects: The High\/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 40","author":"L J Schweinhart","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2009.11.001","article-title":"The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program","volume":"94","author":"J J Heckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.06.019","article-title":"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of\n                    the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population","volume":"122","author":"B L\u00f6we","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.054","article-title":"Update of the standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in\n                    the general population","volume":"312","author":"F S Wicke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"59","article-title":"Konvergenz oder Divergenz? Einstellungen zur Erwerbst\u00e4tigkeit von M\u00fcttern in\n                    Ost- und Westdeutschland","volume":"2","author":"S Wenzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"GENDER - Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Geschlecht, Kultur und\n                    Gesellschaft"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x","article-title":"A Multilevel Analysis of Child Care and Women\u2019s Fertility Decisions in Western\n                    Germany","volume":"65","author":"K Hank","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/14631377.2013.756672","article-title":"Eastern Germany\u2019s economic development revisited: path dependence and economic\n                    stagnation before and after reunification","volume":"25","author":"U Blum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Post-Communist Economies"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-022-01716-0","article-title":"Closing the \u201chappiness gap\u201d by closing the wealth gap: the role of wealth on\n                    life satisfaction between east and west-Germans","volume":"31","author":"C Kasinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["PPmP - Psychotherapie \u00b7 Psychosomatik \u00b7 Medizinische Psychologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2793-9812.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:30:35Z","timestamp":1775082635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2793-9812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03\/04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2793-9812","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0937-2032","1439-1058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0937-2032","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}