{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:35:03Z","timestamp":1791365703082,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"CP","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ZonMw, the Netherlands Organization for Health research and Development"},{"name":"Science fund of Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital","award":["(RvB 21.038\/CK\/GvE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(RvB 21.038\/CK\/GvE)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endosc Int Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is a widely used medical examination. Despite the short duration of this procedure, many patients experience anxiety, pain, and discomfort. The aim of this study was to examine effects of virtual reality (VR) distraction on anxiety, pain, and discomfort during unsedated gastroscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-nine patients in the intervention group wore VR glasses 10 minutes before and during the gastroscopy. Fifty patients in the control group received care as usual. Anxiety and pain levels were measured with the STAI-DY and NRS before, during, and after the procedure. Moreover, comfort level was reported by an accompanying nurse during the procedure. The last outcome was self-reported willingness to undergo unsedated vs. sedated gastroscopy in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The VR and control non-VR groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, education level, and self-reported general health, anxiety, and pain levels. No significant differences were observed in levels of anxiety, pain, and discomfort during the endoscopy. There was no difference in medical outcome and willingness to undergo unsedated vs. sedated gastroscopy in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>VR distraction did not objectively reduce patient anxiety, pain, or discomfort before, during, or after the procedure. Moreover, willingness to undergo the same procedure without sedation was the same for the VR and control groups. Future research is needed to explore whether selected groups of patients may benefit from VR distraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2794-0424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T23:43:00Z","timestamp":1769211780000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Effect of virtual reality distraction on anxiety, pain and discomfort during unsedated gastroscopy: Randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zita","family":"Bouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Froukje","family":"De Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Pro Persona GGz Adults Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattanja","family":"De Ruiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Vincent Van Gogh Instituut, Venray, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneloes","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriaan CITL","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03508.x","article-title":"Patients\u2019 attitudes and apprehensions about endoscopy: How to calm troubled waters","volume":"96","author":"LJ Brandt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219699","article-title":"BTS clinical statement on aspiration pneumonia","volume":"78","author":"AJ Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2017.15.4.456","article-title":"Sedation for routine gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: A review on efficacy, safety, efficiency, cost and satisfaction","volume":"15","author":"OS Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/s0738-3991(02)00245-8","article-title":"Preparing patients for gastrointestinal endoscopy: The influence of information in medical situations","volume":"52","author":"MJ Van Vliet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/jmedsci.jmedsci_190_20","article-title":"Effects of music on anxiety and physiological responses in patients before gastroscopy","volume":"42","author":"CC Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Sci (Taiwan)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00001610-200307000-00002","article-title":"A music intervention to reduce anxiety prior to gastrointestinal procedures","volume":"26","author":"A Hayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Nursing"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04091.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: Music reduces anxiety levels in patients attending for endoscopy","volume":"30","author":"H El-Hassan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0859-y","article-title":"The influence of various distractions prior to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"18","author":"M Sogabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.01.023","article-title":"Transnasal endoscopy in unsedated children with eosinophilic esophagitis using virtual reality video goggles","volume":"17","author":"N Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E959","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1178-9289","article-title":"Virtual reality distraction for patients to relieve pain and discomfort during colonoscopy","volume":"08","author":"G Veldhuijzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2021.191081","article-title":"The effect of virtual reality on pain and anxiety during colonoscopy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"SK \u00c7akir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turkish J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2022.0319","article-title":"Relieving anxiety through virtual reality prior to endoscopic procedures","volume":"64","author":"Y Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15786","article-title":"Virtual reality distraction during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"N Boonreunya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol (Australia)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.2.175","article-title":"The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology","volume":"5","author":"IB Mauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.1408","article-title":"Web-based educational intervention for patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia referred for upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"181","author":"JJ De Jong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Intelligentie en leeftijd onderzoek bij Nederlanders van twaalf tot zevenenzeventig jaar Intelligence and age: Research study in Dutch individuals aged twelve to seventy-seven","author":"F Verhage","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0302_2","article-title":"Psychometric Qualities of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0: A Multidimensional Measure of General Health Status","volume":"3","author":"KI VanderZee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Behavior Med"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Manual for the State-Trait anxiety inventory (form y)","author":"C Spielberger","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2018.01.008","article-title":"A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: Which to use?","volume":"36","author":"O Karcioglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen103","article-title":"Assessment of pain","volume":"101","author":"H Breivik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.10.003","article-title":"Development and validation of a nurse-assessed patient comfort score for colonoscopy","volume":"77","author":"A Rostom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000599","article-title":"Virtual reality as a distraction intervention to relieve pain and distress during medical procedures","volume":"34","author":"P Indovina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"}],"container-title":["Endoscopy International Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2794-0424.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:16:59Z","timestamp":1778224619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2794-0424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CP","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["a27940424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2794-0424","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-3722","2196-9736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-3722","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-9736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]}}}