{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:47:41Z","timestamp":1776725261595,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background Given the current lack of evidence comparing head-mounted display (HMD) and projection-based simulators and with the overall goal of developing a driving simulator for use in patients with eye diseases, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of display technology and latency on perceived driving simulation quality and simulator sickness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Patients and Methods Participants with a valid driving license, normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and no known visual disorders were asked to perform a 5-minute driving task on a driving simulator under three different conditions \u2013 a 180 degree screen setup, HMD without latency, and HMD with an experimental head-tracking latency of 50 milliseconds. Driving performance (deviation from lane centre, longitudinal and lateral acceleration, maximum velocity) was recorded during each driving task, and after each drive participants completed the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) and the presence questionnaire (PQ).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results Sixteen participants (aged 21\u200a\u2013\u200a71 years) were enrolled in the study and 14 completed all simulation conditions. Simulator sickness was significantly higher in the HMD with latency compared with both the HMD without latency and the projection-based system. The PQ score was significantly reduced with the HMD with latency, while no significant difference was observed between the other conditions. Apart from longitudinal acceleration, driving performance metrics were not significantly different between conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion Findings from this study suggest that HMDs have comparable simulation quality to projection-based systems and can be integrated into clinical driving assessments if latency is kept to a minimum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2797-0890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:34:26Z","timestamp":1776724466000},"page":"527-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Display Technology and Head-Tracking Latency on the Perceived Quality of a Driving Simulation in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Sandro","family":"Ropelato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marino","family":"Menozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Jenvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bochmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin K.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Yu Melody","family":"Hedinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Eye Clinic, Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927712","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.927712","article-title":"Comparison of visual requirements and regulations for obtaining a driving license in different European countries and some open questions on their adequacy","volume":"16","author":"N Kobal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100820-085030","article-title":"Vision Impairment and On-Road Driving","volume":"8","author":"J M Wood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Vis 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Habits and Crash Risks","volume":"28","author":"A V Deshmukh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0138288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138288","article-title":"Predicting Risk of Motor Vehicle Collisions in Patients with Glaucoma: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"10","author":"C P Gracitelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"R S Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"B G Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Effects of End-to-end Latency on User Experience and Performance in Immersive Virtual Reality Applications","author":"P Caserman","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2797-0890.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1776724531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2797-0890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2797-0890","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-2165","1439-3999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}