{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:47:37Z","timestamp":1782172057640,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pneumologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Dyspnoe hat viele m\u00f6gliche Ursachen und wird wie der Schmerz in verschiedenen Qualit\u00e4ten empfunden. Afferente Signale stammen aus Chemorezeptoren (pH, O2 und CO2) sowie aus Mechanorezeptoren der Lunge, der Atmungsmuskulatur und des Thorax. Komplexit\u00e4t entsteht dabei dadurch, dass sowohl Blutgase als auch der S\u00e4ure-Basen-Haushalt reguliert werden m\u00fcssen. Fast immer kommt es zu einer Kombination afferent eingehender Signale, die sich verst\u00e4rken k\u00f6nnen, aber auch die Qualit\u00e4t der empfundenen Dyspnoe bestimmen. Beim Menschen wird O2 haupts\u00e4chlich peripher, CO2 und pH dagegen zentral gemessen. Die an der Regulation beteiligten Hirnareale liegen zum gro\u00dfen Teil im Hirnstamm, bei der Wahrnehmung von Dyspnoe sind aber auch kortikale Anteile beteiligt. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten empfinden ein Gef\u00fchl nicht gen\u00fcgend Luft zu bekommen (Air Hunger) als die wesentliche Missempfindung. Nachfolgend resultiert eine emotionale Verarbeitung mit den Komponenten Angst, Frustration und Furcht.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2803-7306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:46:42Z","timestamp":1773445602000},"page":"443-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanismen der Dyspnoe"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Arber","family":"Gashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pius-Hospital Oldenburg, Deutschland","place":["Oldenburg"],"department":["Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Medicine and Gastroenterology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marienkrankenhaus Kassel, Deutschland","place":["Kassel"],"department":["Klinik f\u00fcr Pneumologie und Infektiologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agaplesion Evangelisches Krankenhaus Mittelhessen, Gie\u00dfen, Deutschland","place":["Gie\u00dfen"],"department":["Pneumologische Klinik"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Gruenewaldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stiftung Alice-Hospital vom Roten Kreuz zu Darmstadt, Hessen, Deutschland","place":["Darmstadt"],"department":["Klinik f\u00fcr Pneumologie und Intensivmedizin"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinikum W\u00fcrzburg Mitte gGmbH Standort Missioklinik, Deutschland","place":["W\u00fcrzburg"],"department":["Pneumologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinikum Stuttgart, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Deutschland","place":["Stuttgart"],"department":["Innere Medizin \u2013 Pneumologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiserswerther Diakonie, Florence Nightingale Krankenhaus, Deutschland","place":["D\u00fcsseldorf"],"department":["Klinik f\u00fcr Pneumologie, Kardiologie und internistische Intensivmedizin"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Randerath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krankenhaus Bethanien gGmbH, Deutschland","place":["Solingen"],"department":["Pneumologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stiftung der Cellitinnen e.V., Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland","place":["K\u00f6ln"],"department":["St. Marien Hospital K\u00f6ln Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin, Pneumologie, Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Sofianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krankenhaus Bethanien gGmbH, Deutschland","place":["Solingen"],"department":["Pneumologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Unnewehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sankt Barbara-Klinik Hamm-Heessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland","place":["Hamm"],"department":["Klinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin V: Pneumologie, Infektiologie, Schlafmedizin, Allergologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Voshaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stiftung Krankenhaus Bethanien f\u00fcr die Grafschaft Moers, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland","place":["Moers"],"department":["Pneumologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Nilius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, NRW, Deutschland","place":["Dortmund"],"department":["Klinik f\u00fcr Pneumologie"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0581-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Dellweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pius-Hospital Oldenburg, Deutschland","place":["Oldenburg"],"department":["Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Medicine and Gastroenterology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512073332307","article-title":"Schwartzstein. 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