{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:33:43Z","timestamp":1777073623892,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared to domestic ruminants, dystocia is uncommon in alpacas. Uterine torsion is the most frequent obstetrical emergency and also a leading concern in late pregnancy. North American studies report favorable outcomes for dams and guarded outcomes for crias; comparable data for European populations are lacking. This study thus evaluated causes and outcomes of late-pregnant and obstetrical cases at a veterinary teaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study included all alpacas presented between January 2009 and August 2025. Cases of antepartal uterine torsions and manual and surgical obstetrical interventions were identified and retrospectively analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-five alpacas were included. Two cases involved antepartal uterine torsions, while 33 were obstetrical in nature. Gestation length ranged from 332 to 374 days. Dystocia (n=4) or antepartal torsion (n=2) were corrected manually in 6 cases, while 29 underwent cesarean (c-) section. Thirty-two dams (91.4%) were discharged after a mean hospitalization of 3.7 days; 24 of the 30 long-term survivors (80%) recovered without complications. Uterine torsion was the main problem (12\/35, 34.3%), followed by fetal maldisposition (8\/35, 22.9%) and insufficient cervical dilation (6\/35, 17.1%). Counterclockwise torsions were diagnosed in 6 cases and clockwise torsions in 5, while the direction was unrecorded in one. Retained placenta was frequent but rarely clinically relevant. Wound healing after c-section was excellent, with only one dehiscence 10 days postoperatively. Thirteen crias (37.1%) were stillborn. Of 22 live-born fetuses, 5 (22.7%) died or were euthanized. Ten of the 25 surgical cases (40%) were re-mated, with 8 conceiving successfully (80%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Uterine torsion is common, and determining the direction is essential before correction. Manual resolution of fetal maldisposition is often difficult due to the long neck and limbs and vulnerability of the genital tract. To maximize dam and cria survival, c-section should be performed in a timely manner if manual correction fails. The left flank approach under local anesthesia is practical in the field and provides good maternal survival and postoperative fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2811-9708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T22:33:58Z","timestamp":1777070038000},"page":"90-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment, survival and subsequent fertility following uterine torsion and dystocia in alpacas"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Balasopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Meyerholz-Wohllebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Knoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Petzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Petzl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holm","family":"Zerbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Voigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, LMU Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0160395","article-title":"Aspects of reproduction in the alpaca","volume":"16","author":"M San-Martin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20084387","article-title":"Management of dystocia in camelids","volume":"41","author":"A Tibary","year":"2008","journal-title":"AABP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(96)01611-9","article-title":"Seasonal effects on gestation length and birth weight in alpacas","volume":"46","author":"G H Davis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Neonatal care for camelids: breeding to birthing to weaning. 1st edition","author":"D E Anderson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20094270","article-title":"Surgical management of reproductive emergencies","volume":"42","author":"A Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"AABP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5555\/20093142490","article-title":"Camelid dystocia and neonatal care","author":"A Tibary","year":"2009","journal-title":"NAVC Conference"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.024","article-title":"Reproductive emergencies in camelids","volume":"70","author":"A Tibary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.024","article-title":"Reproductive emergencies in camelids","volume":"6","author":"A Tibary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2009.02.002","article-title":"Uterine torsion and cesarean section in llamas and alpacas","volume":"25","author":"D E Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"eds. Veterinary techniques in llamas and alpacas. 2nd ed","author":"D E Anderson","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/20183147045","article-title":"Reproductive emergencies in camelids","author":"A Niehaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"NAVC Conference"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11782.x","article-title":"Ventral midline caesarean section for dystocia secondary to failure to dilate the cervix in three alpacas","volume":"78","author":"J Saltet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24588","article-title":"The topographic and systematic anatomy of the alpaca stomach","volume":"304","author":"A L Vater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9639","DOI":"10.58292\/CT.v15.9639","article-title":"Cesarean section in camelids: indications, technique, survival and postoperative fertility","volume":"15","author":"M S Waqas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.5.670","article-title":"Cesarean section in alpacas and llamas: 34 cases (1997-2010)","volume":"242","author":"B Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.05.600","article-title":"Surgical and nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion in New World camelids: 20 cases (1990\u20131996)","volume":"211","author":"C K Cebra","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.21423\/aabppro20074543","article-title":"Uterine torsion in llamas and alpacas","volume":"40","author":"C Cebra","year":"2007","journal-title":"AABP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f3641","article-title":"Diseases in camelids 1","volume":"35","author":"C Whitehead","year":"2013","journal-title":"Common presentations. In Pract"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Noakes DE, Parkinson TJ, England GCW, eds. Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. 10th ed","author":"T J Parkinson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.12.008","article-title":"Uterine torsion in late gestation alpacas and llamas: 60 cases (2000\u20132009)","volume":"105","author":"L K Pearson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Small Rum Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.05.004","article-title":"Dystocia in dromedary camels: prevalence, forms, risks and hematobiochemical changes","volume":"170","author":"A Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.5555\/20093142491","article-title":"Cesarean section in camelids","author":"A Tibary","year":"2009","journal-title":"NAVC Conference"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5555\/20153160596","article-title":"Care of the pregnant dam and the newborn cria","author":"P G Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"NAVC Conference"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Gauly M, Vaughan J, Cebra C, eds. Neuweltkameliden: Haltung, Zucht, Erkrankungen. 4th ed","author":"M Gauly","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"Proceedings 26th Congress World Association of Buiatrics","author":"D Anderson","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Gro\u00dftiere \/ Nutztiere"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2811-9708.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T22:34:02Z","timestamp":1777070042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2811-9708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2811-9708","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1220","2567-5834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1220","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-5834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}