{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:38:57Z","timestamp":1784547537901,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","funder":[{"name":"This study was funded by Castellon Provincial Hospital\n                        Consortium and Catedra Endavant Villarreal CF de l\u2019Esport."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to assess whether uphill walking\n                    economy was related with step and ventilatory kinematics. Secondly, to examine\n                    whether uphill walking economy represented an independent performance factor in\n                    ultra-trail races. Thirty-six athletes (25 men and 11 women) completed an uphill\n                    peak exercise test and an uphill walking economy test 4\u20138 weeks before a 106-km\n                    ultra-trail race. Ventilatory and gait parameters were recorded during uphill\n                    walking. Body composition, jumping, and isometric and inspiratory strength were\n                    also measured. Step length and tidal volume were associated (r=0.72;\n                       p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and they correlated with uphill walking economy\n                        (r between 0.47 and 0.58;p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Peak speed and running\n                    power and speed and running power linked to ventilatory thresholds all\n                    correlated with race time (r between 0.51 and 0.80;p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    Uphill walking economy, when expressed as a percentage of peak oxygen uptake,\n                    explained 58% of performance variation; however, multiple regression analysis\n                    revealed that the best model comprised peak oxygen uptake alone, predicting 79%\n                    of performance. In conclusion, longer step length and greater tidal volume align\n                    with lower energy expenditure during uphill walking. Uphill walking economy is\n                    not an independent performance factor in ultra-trail races. Uphill-obtained peak\n                    oxygen uptake predicts a large percentage of performance variation in\n                    ultra-trail races.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2813-3109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:51:57Z","timestamp":1771030317000},"page":"613-621","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uphill Walking Economy and Maximal Oxygen Consumption in\n                    Trail Runners: Relationship with Ultra-Trail Performance"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06969898","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2942-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Martinez-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de Valencia,\n                    Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Vicente-Mampel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of\n                    Valenica San Carlos Borromeo Campus, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"L\u00f3pez-Grueso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Specific Didactics,\n                    Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eladio","family":"Collado-Boira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana,\n                    Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Hernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Specific Didactics,\n                    Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, Spain"},{"name":"Sport Service, Universitat Jaume I, Castell\u00f3n de la\n                    Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1096-0980","article-title":"Defining off-road running: A position statement from the ultra sports science\n                    foundation","volume":"41","author":"V Scheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0812","article-title":"Physiological indicators of trail running performance: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"S J de Waal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-024-02127-9","article-title":"Decoding ultramarathon: Muscle damage as the main impediment to performance","volume":"55","author":"N B Tiller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01936-8","article-title":"Limits of ultra: Towards an interdisciplinary understanding of ultra-endurance\n                    running performance","volume":"54","author":"NJ A Berger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0766","article-title":"Physiological determinants of ultramarathon trail-running performance","volume":"16","author":"A M Coates","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1028-8644","volume-title":"Performance determinants in short (68 km) and Long (121 km) mountain\n                    ultra-marathon races","author":"H Gatterer","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0362","article-title":"Performance determinants in trail-running races of different distances","volume":"17","author":"F S Pastor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697315","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.697315","article-title":"Level, uphill, and downhill running economy values are correlated except on\n                    steep slopes","volume":"12","author":"M Lemire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12210","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912210","article-title":"Physiological implication of slope gradient during incremental running test","volume":"19","author":"J Cassirame","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10110174","article-title":"Specific incremental test for aerobic fitness in trail running:\n                    Incrementrail","volume":"10","author":"G Doucende","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1255-3083","article-title":"Ultra trail performance is differently predicted by endurance variables in men\n                    and women","volume":"43","author":"I Martinez-Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2021-0047","article-title":"Energy cost of running in well-trained athletes: Toward slope-dependent\n                    factors","volume":"17","author":"M Lemire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8100134","article-title":"Inspiratory and lower-limb strength importance in mountain ultramarathon\n                    running. Sex differences and relationship with performance","volume":"8","author":"I Martinez-Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-112342","article-title":"Performance Factors in a Mountain Ultramarathon","volume":"38","author":"P Balducci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1957-2356","article-title":"Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2022 update","volume":"43","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002719","article-title":"Sex differences in neuromuscular fatigue and changes in cost of running after\n                    mountain trail races of various distances","volume":"53","author":"T Besson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.694212","article-title":"Calibration and verification of instruments","volume":"30","author":"E M Winter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1980.10609285","article-title":"The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism","volume":"51","author":"J S Skinner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.12.009","article-title":"Incremental test design, peak \u2018aerobic\u2019 running speed and endurance performance\n                    in runners","volume":"16","author":"F A Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1748117","article-title":"Are we ready to measure running power? Repeatability and concurrent validity of\n                    five commercial technologies","volume":"21","author":"V Cerezuela-Espejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2021.1966104","article-title":"Running power: Lab based vs. portable devices measurements and its relationship\n                    with aerobic power","volume":"22","author":"P Taboga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1382865","article-title":"Biomechanical adaptation of preferred transition speed during an incremental\n                    test in a gradient slope","volume":"20","author":"G Doucende","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb233056","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.233056","article-title":"Does the preferred walk-run transition speed on steep inclines minimize\n                    energetic cost, heart rate or neither?","volume":"224","author":"J W Brill","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830512","article-title":"Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange\n                    measurements","volume":"26","author":"A E Jeukendrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002595","article-title":"Absolute reliability and concurrent validity of the stryd system for the\n                    assessment of running stride kinematics at different velocities","volume":"35","author":"F Garcia-Pinillos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-024-05656-3","article-title":"The reliability of functional and systemic markers of muscle damage in response\n                    to a flywheel squat protocol","volume":"125","author":"T J Dufner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"233","article-title":"Repeated-sprint cycling does not induce respiratory muscle fatigue in active\n                    adults: measurements from the powerbreathe(R) inspiratory muscle trainer","volume":"14","author":"C Minahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.166.4.518","article-title":"ATS\/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing","volume":"166","author":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory\n                            Society","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Research Methods in Physical Activity","author":"J Thomas","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01306","article-title":"Prediction of performance in a short trail running race: The role of body\n                    composition","volume":"10","author":"J R Alvero-Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00506","article-title":"Biomechanical adaptations and performance indicators in short trail running","volume":"10","author":"G Bjorklund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001467","article-title":"Short trail running race: Beyond the classic model for endurance running\n                    performance","volume":"50","author":"S Ehrstrom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1374707","article-title":"Physiological intensity profile, exercise load and performance predictors of a\n                    65-km mountain ultra-marathon","volume":"36","author":"A Fornasiero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2022-0275","article-title":"VO2max and velocity at VO2max play a role in ultradistance trail-running\n                    performance","volume":"18","author":"F Sabater-Pastor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0577-4851","article-title":"VO2max Testing in Trail Runners: Is There a Specific Exercise Test Protocol","volume":"39","author":"V Scheer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2172801","article-title":"Eager to set a record in a vertical race? Test your VO(2max) first!","volume":"40","author":"A Fornasiero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38328-x","article-title":"Relationship between biomechanics and energy cost in graded treadmill\n                    running","volume":"13","author":"M Lemire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1712480","article-title":"Changes in spatio-temporal gait parameters and vertical speed during an extreme\n                    mountain ultra-marathon","volume":"20","author":"D Jeker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05077-0","article-title":"Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during\n                    exercise","volume":"123","author":"A Nicolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05815-0","article-title":"Durability of the moderate-to-heavy intensity transition can be predicted using\n                    readily available markers of physiological decoupling","volume":"125","author":"J A Rothschild","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05285-2","article-title":"Prolonged exercise shifts ventilatory parameters at the moderate-to-heavy\n                    intensity transition","volume":"124","author":"J D Stevenson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00133","article-title":"Influence of inspiratory muscle training on ventilatory efficiency and cycling\n                    performance in normoxia and hypoxia","volume":"8","author":"E Salazar-Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001316","article-title":"Effects of strength training on running economy in highly trained runners: A\n                    systematic review with meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"C Balsalobre-Fernandez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-023-01978-y","article-title":"Effect of strength training programs in middle- and long-distance runners\u2019\n                    economy at different running speeds: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"C Llanos-Lagos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003685","article-title":"Strength training improves running economy durability and fatigued\n                    high-intensity performance in well-trained male runners: A randomized control\n                    trial","volume":"57","author":"M Zanini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004412","article-title":"Elite vs. Experienced male and female trail runners: Comparing running economy,\n                    biomechanics, strength, and power","volume":"37","author":"T Besson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-025-05881-4","article-title":"The impact of pole use on vertical cost of transport and foot force during\n                    uphill treadmill walking before and after a simulated trail running\n                    competition","volume":"126","author":"N Giovanelli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2813-3109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:32:20Z","timestamp":1782513140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2813-3109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2813-3109","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}