{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:10:50Z","timestamp":1778112650477,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tissue engineering represents a promising and innovative strategy for the treatment of complex congenital and acquired esophageal disorders, particularly in patients for whom conventional therapies have failed or current options for organ replacement remain inadequate. Current approaches have explored the use of synthetic and biological scaffolds, cell-based therapies, or combinations of both to promote tissue regeneration and restoration of function. Increasing evidence suggests that, in order to achieve a functional esophagus, hybrid strategies incorporating exogenous cell delivery may further enhance regenerative outcomes while simultaneously modulating inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Importantly, the feasibility and effectiveness of esophageal tissue engineering are strongly influenced by the extent and depth of the defect. Encouraging results achieved in partial-thickness defects and patch repair models have supported early clinical translation. Reconstruction of full-thickness circumferential esophageal defects, as required in long-gap esophageal atresia, remains a challenge, primarily due to luminal stenosis, anastomotic leakage, and incomplete regeneration of organized muscular and neuromuscular structures. Recently, the first preclinical demonstration of secondary peristalsis and stent independence in a circumferential, cell-seeded esophageal graft in a growing large-animal model has provided important proof of concept, though translation to longer grafts and clinical application remains to be established. Further preclinical and translational research is required to develop safe, reproducible, and standardized strategies for circumferential esophageal replacement, supported by transparent and comprehensive reporting of experimental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Consequently, further preclinical and translational research is required to develop safe, reproducible, and standardized strategies for circumferential esophageal replacement. Such efforts must be supported by transparent and comprehensive reporting of experimental outcomes to facilitate meaningful comparison and clinical translation. In this review, we summarize current esophageal tissue engineering strategies relevant to esophageal atresia, critically evaluate the available evidence, and discuss future directions in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2839-5608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T23:39:15Z","timestamp":1775173155000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Esophagus Bioengineering"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Gazzaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunky\u014d, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"De Coppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Area of Fetal, Neonatal, and Cardiological Sciences, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Surgery Section, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Specialist Neonatal and Pediatric Surgery Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2019.0032","article-title":"Chasing the paradigm: clinical translation of 25 years of tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"T Hoffman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.123","article-title":"A decade of progress in tissue engineering","volume":"11","author":"A Khademhosseini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat 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