{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T08:10:22Z","timestamp":1778227822039,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"CP","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endosc Int Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous studies in esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy have demonstrated positive effects of music on patient anxiety and comfort. This study prospectively evaluated the effect of functional music on sedation requirements and satisfaction during complex endoscopic procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 144 patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were prospectively randomized to either a functional music group or a control group without music. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before the procedure. Sedation depth was monitored with bispectral index (BIS) monitoring. The primary endpoint was the amount of propofol required in mg\/kg\/min. Secondary endpoints included patient and staff satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Propofol requirements did not differ significantly between groups (music: 0.15 \u00b1 0.05 mg\/kg\/min; control: 0.17 \u00b1 0.08 mg\/kg\/min, P = 0.77). Mean BIS values were similar (music: 60.2 \u00b1 8.4 vs. control: 61.0 \u00b1 8.4, P = 0.74). However, patient satisfaction was markedly higher in the music group (mean value 4.6 \u00b1 0.6 vs. 3.9 \u00b1 0.8, P &lt; 0.00001), as was staff satisfaction (4.8 \u00b1 0.4 vs. 4.1 \u00b1 0.7, P &lt; 0.00001). No adverse events through music intervention occurred. Analysis of PSQI subgroups revealed a trend toward lower propofol use in patients with impaired sleep quality (PSQI &gt; 5) exposed to music, suggesting a possible modulatory effect in this subset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Functional music during complex endoscopic procedures did not reduce propofol consumption but significantly improved satisfaction for both patients and staff. The findings justify implementation of music as a non-pharmacological adjunct to improve patient comfort in endoscopic suites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2840-7071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T23:09:58Z","timestamp":1775776198000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Music in complex endoscopy: Effect of functional music on sedation requirements during endoscopic ultrasound and ERCP"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Meinhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Klinikum Oldenburg AoR, Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6160-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Arlt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Israelitisches Krankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Gastroenterology, Klinikum Oldenburg AoR, Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Meves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterological Practice Syke, Syke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Chamieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Klinikum Oldenburg AoR, Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moustafa","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Klinikum Oldenburg AoR, Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hinrich","family":"Fehrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology, Klinikum Oldenburg AoR, Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1939.2.6.500","article-title":"Electrical reactions of the human brain to auditory stimulation during sleep","volume":"2","author":"H Davis","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797621989724","article-title":"Bedtime music, involuntary musical imagery, and sleep","volume":"32","author":"MK Scullin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45608-y","article-title":"Effects of relaxing music on healthy sleep","volume":"9","author":"MJ Cordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006902","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006902.pub3","article-title":"Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"2014","author":"J Bradt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/1943862112462037","article-title":"Environmental music therapy: a pilot study in a chemotherapy suite","volume":"4","author":"B Canga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Music Med"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"71","article-title":"Environmental music in hospitals: perspectives of therapists and performers","volume":"10","author":"J Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Music Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S194938","article-title":"Music therapy as a potential intervention for sleep improvement","volume":"12","author":"J Loewy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.064600","article-title":"Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music: the importance of silence","volume":"92","author":"L Bernardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966362","article-title":"Music in the endoscopy suite: meta-analysis of randomised studies","volume":"39","author":"D Rudin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E599","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1352-3244","article-title":"Effect of music on paediatric endoscopy: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"C Bay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04091.x","article-title":"Music reduces anxiety in endoscopy patients","volume":"30","author":"H El-Hassan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.13105\/wjma.v7.i9.428","article-title":"Use of music during colonoscopy: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"RD Heath","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Meta-Anal"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"241","article-title":"Music and neural correlates of emotional regulation: an fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"A Kasdan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"764","article-title":"The role of tempo in musical relaxation: evidence from psychophysiology","volume":"4","author":"P Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"44","article-title":"Functional music and cognitive modulation: a psychophysiological study","volume":"52","author":"I Holopainen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Music"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"745","article-title":"Sedation practices during ERCP: a prospective study using BIS monitoring","volume":"69","author":"GA Paspatis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0198-x","article-title":"Bispectral index monitoring during endoscopy with propofol sedation","volume":"53","author":"JM DeWitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"871","article-title":"Auditory stimulation under conscious sedation: a clinical study","volume":"56","author":"H Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"307","article-title":"Auditory evoked potentials during sedation and their correlation with BIS","volume":"22","author":"T Nishiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"142","article-title":"Music and sedation requirements in colonoscopy: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"J Heo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"101","article-title":"Psychophysiological responses to ambient sound exposure","volume":"37","author":"E Bj\u00f6rnsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12514","article-title":"Effect of music in endoscopy procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"MC Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy: ESGE guideline","volume":"47","author":"JM Dumonceau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e654","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2165-6388","article-title":"Updated S3 Guideline \u201cSedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy\u201d of the German Society of Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) - June 2023 - AWMF-Register-No. 021\/014","volume":"61","author":"T Wehrmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206531","article-title":"The music that helps people sleep: a mixed-methods survey analysis","volume":"13","author":"T Trahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Endoscopy International Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2840-7071.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:16:08Z","timestamp":1778224568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2840-7071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CP","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"alternative-id":["a28407071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2840-7071","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2364-3722","2196-9736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2364-3722","type":"print"},{"value":"2196-9736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}