{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:29:58Z","timestamp":1791912598105,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"],"abstract":"Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title>\n Esketamin Nasenspray (EN) ist in Deutschland seit 2021 zur\n Behandlung der therapieresistenten Depression (TRD) zugelassen. Historisch\n resultierte die Entwicklung von EN aus den positiven Ergebnissen\n randomisierter klinischer Studien zum off-label Gebrauch von subnarkotischen\n Ketamin-Infusionen (SKI) gegen TRD. Wie wirksam, vertr\u00e4glich und sicher ist\n off-label SKI im Vergleich zu EN?<\/jats:p>\n Narratives Review. Selektive Literatursuche in PubMed bez\u00fcglich klinischer\n Studien, die sich mit dem Vergleich von SKI und EN gegen TRD befasst haben.\n Auch internationale Depressions-Leitlinien und die Wirtschaftlichkeit von\n SKI und EN bei station\u00e4rer Behandlung wurden betrachtet.<\/jats:p>\n Randomisierte direkte Vergleichsstudien zwischen EN und SKI fehlen bisher. Es\n gibt solide Indizien f\u00fcr die Gleichwertigkeit der Akutbehandlung der TRD mit\n SKI (\u00fcblicherweise 0,5 mg\/kg K\u00f6rpergewicht \u00fcber 40\u201345 Minuten intraven\u00f6s)\n oder EN (\u00fcblicherweise 56 oder 84 mg pro Gabe) bez\u00fcglich Effektivit\u00e4t,\n Sicherheit und Vertr\u00e4glichkeit: 9 Metaanalysen (2 Netzwerk-Metaanalysen) und\n 7 Real-World-Studien (1 prospektive, 6 retrospektive Vergleichsstudien).\n Auch SKI und subnarkotische Esketamin-Infusionen waren gleichwertig. Ein\n \u00e4hnliches Bild zeichnet sich f\u00fcr die serielle Behandlung ab. G\u00fcnstige\n Vertr\u00e4glichkeits- und Sicherheitsdaten existieren f\u00fcr EN inzwischen \u00fcber 5\n Jahre (bei seriellen SKI noch keine so langen Verlaufsbeobachtungen). Die\n USA und Kanada haben off-label SKI als Alternative zum zugelassenen EN in\n ihre Leitlinien zur add-on Behandlung von TRD aufgenommen. F\u00fcr das deutsche\n Gesundheitssystem ist die station\u00e4re Behandlung mit SKI etwa 2,3 bis 3,8mal\n billiger als die mit EN.<\/jats:p>\n Aufgrund der oben genannten Indizien sch\u00e4tzen wir, dass f\u00fcr die Annahme der\n Gleichwertigkeit der add-on Behandlung der TRD mit SKI oder EN momentan eine\n niedrige bis moderate Vertrauensw\u00fcrdigkeit nach GRADE vorliegt. Eine\n exaktere Einsch\u00e4tzung ist fr\u00fchestens 2030 m\u00f6glich, wenn das Ergebnis einer\n laufenden direkt vergleichenden klinischen Studie vorliegt. Wir empfehlen\n bei der Leitlinien-Aktualisierung zu pr\u00fcfen, ob im\n TRD-Behandlungsalgorithmus die off-label add-on SKI vorl\u00e4ufig auf die\n gleiche Stufe wie die add-on EN gestellt werden kann (wie schon in den USA\n und Kanada). Hiermit regen wir au\u00dferdem (i) die Bef\u00fcrwortung der\n Kosten\u00fcbernahme von add-on SKI durch die Krankenkassen und (ii) die\n beh\u00f6rdliche Pr\u00fcfung (Deutschland) der off-label Verordnungsf\u00e4higkeit von SKI\n bei TRD durch den Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (GB-A) an.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2846-4275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T23:05:12Z","timestamp":1780959912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intraven\u00f6se subnarkotische Ketamin-Infusionen gegen\n therapieresistente Depression: Historische Entwicklung, Vergleich mit\n Esketamin-Nasenspray und Perspektiven"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evangelischer Verband Augusta Ruhr, Klinik f\u00fcr Seelische Gesundheit,\n Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany"},{"name":"LVR-Universit\u00e4tsklinik Essen, Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und\n Psychotherapie, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen, Essen,\n Deutschland, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-Universit\u00e4tsklinik Essen, Klinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und\n Psychotherapie, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t der Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen, Essen,\n Deutschland, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Juckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe Universitatsklinik\n der Ruhr Universitat Bochum Psychiatrie Psychotherapie Psychosomatik\n Praventivmedizin, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Bschor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie,\n Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland, Dresden,\n Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000638","article-title":"History of anaesthesia: The ketamine story - past, present and future","volume":"34","author":"G Mion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.11.003","article-title":"How much alcohol is in ketamine's antidepressant action?","volume":"168","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015198","article-title":"Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic\n Mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"P Zanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833259","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.833259","volume-title":"Ketamine as a prophylactic resilience-enhancing agent","author":"A G Evers","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2025.07.005","article-title":"Insights Into the Effects of Ketamine on the Opioid System","volume":"98","author":"C F Zorumski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2374-2218.","article-title":"Die Bedeutung von Antidepressiva bei COVID-19 und Long-COVID \u2013 Ein\n Scoping-Review Update [The Impact of Antidepressants on COVID-19 and Post-Acute\n COVID-19 Syndrome: A Scoping-Review Update]","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000787","article-title":"Recurrent Serotonin Syndrome After Ketamine-assisted Electroconvulsive Therapy:\n A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"30","author":"A Deka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01913-w.","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and anhedonia in patients with\n treatment-resistant depression after consecutive infusions of low-dose\n esketamine","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.10.009","article-title":"Serotonin is a common thread linking different classes of antidepressants","volume":"30","author":"C E Witt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-016-0383-6","article-title":"Ketamine: A Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in\n Anesthesia and Pain Therapy","volume":"55","author":"M A Peltoniemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-019-0695-x","volume-title":"Ketamin: Einsatz bei chronischen Schmerzen und Depression [Ketamine in the\n therapy of chronic pain and depression]","author":"W Jaksch","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.12.023","article-title":"Opioid-induced respiratory depression in humans: a review of\n pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of reversal","volume":"122","author":"M H Algera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030426","article-title":"Ketamine Improves Desensitization of \u00b5-Opioid Receptors Induced by Repeated\n Treatment with Fentanyl but Not with Morphine","volume":"12","author":"Y Mizobuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2001.10400480","article-title":"The nonmedical use of ketamlne, part two: A review of problem use and\n dependence","volume":"33","author":"K L Jansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x","article-title":"Ketamine use: A review","volume":"107","author":"C J Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.05.016","article-title":"Ketamine abuse potential and use disorder","volume":"126","author":"Y Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010016","article-title":"Ketamine, an Old-New Drug: Uses and Abuses","volume":"17","author":"K Savi\u0107 Vujovi\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04993-7","article-title":"Dual action of ketamine confines addiction liability","volume":"608","author":"L D Simmler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"Quantum change: When epiphanies and sudden insights transform ordinary\n lives","author":"W R Miller","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1553717","volume-title":"Halluzinogen-induzierte Persistierende Wahrnehmungsst\u00f6rung (HPPD) und\n Flashback-Ph\u00e4nomene \u2013 Differenzialdiagnose und Erkl\u00e4rungsmodelle [Hallucinogen\n Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and Flashback Phenomena \u2013 Differential\n Diagnosis and Explanation Models]","author":"L Hermle","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878609","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.878609","article-title":"Hallucinogenic Persisting Perception Disorder: A Case Series and Review of the\n Literature","volume":"13","author":"H Ford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02451-0","article-title":"Rapid neuroplasticity changes and response to intravenous ketamine: a randomized\n controlled trial in treatment-resistant depression","volume":"13","author":"J Kopelman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01831-x.","article-title":"Oral ketamine effects on dynamics of functional network connectivity in patients\n treated for chronic suicidality","author":"Z Y Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(99)00230-9","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients","volume":"47","author":"R M Berman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.007.","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of intravenous ketamine\n infusion for treatment resistant depression: January 2009 \u2013 January 2019","volume":"277","author":"W S Marcantoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/ j.jpsychires.2022.04.037.","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: A\n systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Y Alnefeesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.137","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous ketamine and intranasal esketamine with dose escalation\n for Major depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"356","author":"A Seshadri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2022.2066651","article-title":"Long-term safety of ketamine and esketamine in treatment of depression","volume":"21","author":"S Nikayin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1337749","article-title":"Exploring the multifaceted potential of (R)-ketamine beyond antidepressant\n applications","volume":"15","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01770-7.","article-title":"Are \"mystical experiences\" essential for antidepressant actions of\n ketamine and the classic psychedelics?","author":"K Hashimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2015.1072653","article-title":"Long-Term Ketamine Self-Injections in Major Depressive Disorder: Focus on\n Tolerance in Ketamine's Antidepressant Response and the Development of\n Ketamine Addiction","volume":"47","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1159\/000510703","article-title":"Post-Marketing Safety Concerns with Esketamine: A Disproportionality Analysis of\n Spontaneous Reports Submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"90","author":"C Gastaldon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304145","article-title":"Esketamin nasal spray versus Quetiapine for treatment-resis\u00actant depression","volume":"389","author":"A Reif","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30394-3","article-title":"Esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: seven concerns about efficacy and\n FDA approval","volume":"6","author":"E H Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01632-1","article-title":"Ketamine in neuropsychiatric disorders: an update","volume":"49","author":"J N Johnston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714001603","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind,\n placebo-controlled trials of ketamine in the rapid treatment of major depressive\n episodes","volume":"45","author":"A McGirr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.071","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of racemic ketamine and esketamine for depression: A\n systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"278","author":"A Bahji","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102127","article-title":"Ketamine for the treatment of major depression: a systematic review and\n meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"S Nikolin","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.04.039","article-title":"Number needed to treat (NNT) for ketamine and esketamine in adults with\n treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"356","author":"C N Calder","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1325399","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ketamine and esketamine for unipolar and bipolar\n depression: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"A Rodolico","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.11.023","article-title":"Comparative efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of intravenous racemic\n ketamine with intranasal esketamine, aripiprazole and lithium as augmentative\n treatments for treatment-resistant unipolar depression: A systematic review and\n network meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"I Terao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116018","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment-resistant\n depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"339","author":"Q Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253251394127","article-title":"Intravenous ketamine versus esketamine for depression: a systematic review and\n meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"A Elmosalamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116125","article-title":"Esketamine and IV Ketamine: Results of a multi-site observational study\n assessing the effectiveness and tolerability of two novel therapies for\n treatment-resistant depression","volume":"340","author":"G Gutierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.086","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of adjunctive therapy using esketamine or racemic ketamine\n for adult treatment-resistant depression: A randomized, double-blind,\n non-inferiority study","volume":"264","author":"F S Correia-Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115865","article-title":"IV low dose ketamine infusions for treatment resistant depression: Results from\n a five-year study at a free public clinic in an academic hospital","volume":"335","author":"G Gutierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-021-01260-4","volume-title":"Praktische Aspekte der Ketaminbehandlung \u2013 Sicherheit, Kombinationstherapien und\n Komorbidit\u00e4ten [Practical aspects of ketamine treatment-Safety, combination\n treatment and comorbidities]","author":"H Findeis","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"(Hrsg. Behandlungsmanual therapieresistente Depression. Pharmakotherapie \u2013\n somatische Therapieverfahren \u2013 Psychotherapie","author":"T Bschor","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0803","article-title":"Indirect Comparisons and Network Meta-Analyses","volume":"112","author":"C Kiefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.22m14548","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Intravenous Ketamine and Intranasal Esketamine in\n Clinical Practice Among Patients With Treatment-Refractory Depression: An\n Observational Study","volume":"84","author":"B Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.04.088","article-title":"Intravenous (IV) ketamine versus intranasal esketamine for depression- Advantage\n IV ketamine?","volume":"356","author":"B Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221104058","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of augmentation and combination treatments\n for early-stage treatment-resistant depression","volume":"37","author":"F Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121672","article-title":"An Update on the Efficacy of Single and Serial Intravenous Ketamine Infusions\n and Esketamine for Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review and\n Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"N A Nunez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.12.038","article-title":"The rapid antidepressant effectiveness of repeated dose of intravenous ketamine\n and intranasal esketamine: A post-hoc analysis of pooled real-world data","volume":"348","author":"G d'Andrea","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pyaf027","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf027","article-title":"Safety and efficacy with esketamine in treatment-resistant\n depression: long-term extension study","volume":"28","author":"N Zaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J\n Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1283733","article-title":"Use of ketamine for treatment resistant depression: updated review of literature\n and practical applications to a community ketamine program in Edmonton, Alberta,\n Canada","volume":"14","author":"C Chrenek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743724124538 4","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2023 Update on\n Clinical Guidelines for Management of Major Depressive Disorder in Adults","volume":"69","author":"R W Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2023.11.029","article-title":"French Society for Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology (AFPBN)\n guidelines for the management of patients with partially responsive depression\n and treatment-resistant depression: Update 2024","volume":"51","author":"A Yrondi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2023.2279192","article-title":"Stimulant and hallucinogenic novel psychoactive substances; an update","volume":"16","author":"F Schifano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-024-01727-0","volume-title":"Psychedelika und Dissoziativa in der Psychiatrie: Herausforderungen in der\n Behandlung [Psychedelic and dissociative agents in psychiatry: challenges in the\n treatment]","author":"J Jungwirth","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Gabapentinoide \u2013 Desensitisierer und GABA-Mimetika","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2022.2132506","article-title":"Overdoses and deaths related to the use of ketamine and its analogues: a\n systematic review","volume":"49","author":"T V Chaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1016439","article-title":"A survey of drug liking and cravings in patients using sublingual or intranasal\n ketamine for treatment resistant depression: A preliminary evaluation of real\n world addictive potential","volume":"13","author":"B Chubbs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674241242315","article-title":"Drug dependence and prescribing ketamine for treatment-resistant depression in\n Australia and New Zealand","author":"A Carroll","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986241310685","article-title":"Is there a risk of esketamine misuse in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"C Roncero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811241303597","article-title":"Is there a risk of addiction to ketamine during the treatment of depression? A\n systematic review of available literature","volume":"39","author":"G Ingrosso","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00317-0","article-title":"Maintenance ketamine treatment for depression: a systematic review of efficacy,\n safety, and tolerability","volume":"9","author":"S Y Smith-Apeldoorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.12788\/jfp.0176","article-title":"Is ketamine effective and safe for treatment-resistant depression?","volume":"70","author":"A Zorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.089","article-title":"Long-term outcome in outpatients with depression treated with acute and\n maintenance intravenous ketamine: A retrospective chart review","volume":"276","author":"H Sakurai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20101480","article-title":"A Potential Case of Acute Ketamine Withdrawal: Clinical Implications for the\n Treatment of Refractory Depression","volume":"178","author":"N Roxas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.3019","article-title":"Serial Ketamine Infusions as Adjunctive Therapy to Inpatient Care for\n Depression: The KARMA-Dep 2 Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"82","author":"A Jelovac","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.79","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a 4-week course of repeated subcutaneous ketamine\n injections for treatment-resistant depression (KADS study): randomised\n double-blind active-controlled trial","volume":"223","author":"C Loo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20190-4","article-title":"The role of dissociation in ketamine's antidepressant effects","volume":"11","author":"E D Ballard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47626\/2237-6089-2022-0593.","article-title":"Does the intensity of dissociation predict antidepressant effects 24 hours after\n infusion of racemic ketamine and esketamine in treatment-resistant depression? A\n secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial","author":"MV F Echegaray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000486696","article-title":"Benzodiazepines as a Monotherapy in Depressive Disorders: A Systematic\n Review","volume":"87","author":"G Benasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101007","article-title":"Efficacy of repeated intravenous esketamine in adolescents with anxious versus\n non-anxious depression","volume":"36","author":"X Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001026.pub2","article-title":"Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for adults with major depression","volume":"6","author":"Y Ogawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2607-5987","article-title":"Neue Psychoaktive Substanzen: Rausch und Risiko oft unkalkulierbar","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2025","journal-title":"PSYCH up2date"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.4945","article-title":"The Rapidly Shifting Ketamine Landscape in the US","volume":"81","author":"S T Wilkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.017","article-title":"Ketamine for the treatment of addiction: Evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"142","author":"I Ezquerra-Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.3352","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Ketamine vs Electroconvulsive Therapy Among Patients With\n Major Depressive Episode: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"T G Rhee","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302399","article-title":"Ketamine versus ECT for Nonpsychotic Treatment-Resistant Major Depression","volume":"388","author":"A Anand","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0562","article-title":"Andrade C. Ketamine vs Electroconvulsive Therapy for Major Depressive Episode: A\n Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"V Menon","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115994","article-title":"Ketamine versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive episode: An\n updated systematic review and non-inferiority meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"AB C Petrucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s15005-023-3468-4","article-title":"Behandlung therapieresistenter, nicht wahnhafter Depressionen","volume":"25","author":"A Sartorius","year":"2023","journal-title":"InFo NeurologiePsychiatrie"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001006","article-title":"Effects of Repeated Intravenous Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Geriatric\n Depression: A Case Series","volume":"39","author":"K A Bryant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20r13459","article-title":"Ketamine Treatment for Depression in Patients With a History of Psychosis or\n Current Psychotic Symptoms: A Systematic Review","volume":"82","author":"JK E Veraart","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1214972","article-title":"Central nervous system-related safety and tolerability of add-on ketamine to\n standard of care treatment in treatment-resistant psychotic depression in\n patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder","volume":"17","author":"M Ga\u0142uszko-W\u0229gielnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.17786","article-title":"Ketamine vs Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A\n Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"M K Jha","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2646-7702","article-title":"Are Intravenous Subnarcotic Ketamine Infusions as an Adjunct Treatment for\n Treatment-Resistant Depression Ready to be Recommended in European\n Guidelines?","volume":"58","author":"U Bonnet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2025.39.2.170","article-title":"Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy for Treatment of Co-occurring Borderline\n Personality Disorder and Depression: A Case Study","volume":"39","author":"A Yeung","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/psymed.2023.0021","article-title":"Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy Provides Lasting and Effective Results in the\n Treatment of Depression, Anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder at 3 and 6\n Months: Findings from a Large Retrospective Effectiveness Study","volume":"17","author":"R Yermus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychedelic Med (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-024-00393-9","article-title":"Ketamine in fibromyalgia: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"J F de Carvalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25535","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.25535","article-title":"Ketamine for the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"J E Israel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol Res"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067194","article-title":"Ketamine for the acute treatment of severe suicidal ideation: double blind,\n randomised placebo controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"M Abbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.12.010","article-title":"Replication of ketamine's antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a\n randomized controlled add-on trial","volume":"71","author":"C A Zarate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Fortschritte der Neurologie \u00b7 Psychiatrie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2846-4275.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T23:05:20Z","timestamp":1780959920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2846-4275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":96,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2846-4275","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0720-4299","1439-3522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0720-4299","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]}}}