{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:54:17Z","timestamp":1790898857361,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"14","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to examine rates of fetal growth restriction (FGR) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We retrospectively evaluated patients with singleton deliveries \u2265 22 weeks of gestation in a single hospital system from March 2018 to December 2022. Patients were assigned to one of three COVID-19 epochs: acute-COVID-19, based on gestational age\u2009&lt;\u200920 weeks on February 3, 2020, and estimated due date before January 1, 2021; pre-COVID-19 and postacute-COVID-19 epochs consisted of patients with matched months 2 years before and after the acute-COVID-19 epoch. Outcomes were FGR and SGA; FGR was defined by International Classification of Diseases-10 codes, and SGA was defined by birthweight\u2009&lt;\u200910th percentile, using the Aris distribution for gestational age and neonatal sex. Patient attributes were compared across COVID-19 epochs, FGR, and SGA separately, using chi-square tests or ANOVA, as appropriate. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models were performed, including covariates associated with each dependent variable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 9,692 patients were included; differences across COVID-19 epochs were observed for advanced maternal age, body mass index \u2265 30 at delivery, smoking, chronic hypertension, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, number of prenatal care visits, and ultrasounds. Patients in the acute- and post-COVID-19 epochs had an increased odds of FGR (aOR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.44\u20132.16 and aOR: 1.64, CI: 1.38\u20131.94, respectively) compared with the pre-COVID-19 epoch. Compared with the pre-COVID-19 epoch, patients in the acute-COVID-19 epoch had reduced odds of SGA (aOR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65\u20130.98).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>During the acute-COVID-19 epoch, FGR diagnosis increased compared with pre-COVID-19, while SGA at birth decreased. This highlights the limitation of prenatal ultrasound for precisely identifying fetuses at the highest risk of FGR, which may be due to confirmation bias or broad diagnostic criteria for FGR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2848-3436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T23:39:11Z","timestamp":1775605151000},"page":"1858-1863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rates of Fetal Growth Restriction and Small for Gestational Age Neonates by COVID-19 Epochs: Did the Pandemic Affect Fetal Biometry Measurements?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Stortz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Culhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbet","family":"Lundsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Partridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"McAdow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa089","article-title":"Placental pathology in COVID-19","volume":"154","author":"E D Shanes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.61622\/rbgo\/2025rbgo20","article-title":"Incidence of small-for-gestational-age newborns in pregnant women with COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"G DS Raupp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0400","article-title":"Clinical guidance and perinatal care in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"48","author":"Y Afshar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Perinat 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