{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:55:04Z","timestamp":1781564104440,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The gut microbiota has emerged as a key endocrine modulator that shapes host\n                    appetite regulation through its metabolites and their interactions with\n                    enteroendocrine and central neuroendocrine pathways. Microbial\n                    metabolites\u2014including short-chain fatty acids, bile acid derivatives, indole\n                    compounds, and tryptophan-derived serotonin\u2014activate receptors such as\n                    G-protein-coupled receptor 41\/43, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5,\n                    and Toll-like receptor 4 on enteroendocrine cells, influence the\n                    secretion of appetite-related hormones including ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like\n                    peptide-1, peptide YY, nesfatin-1, and cholecystokinin. These hormones\n                    subsequently modulate hypothalamic circuits, particularly the NPY\/AgRP and\n                    POMC\/CART pathways, establishing a mechanistic link between microbial signaling\n                    and central appetite control. Ghrelin serves as the primary orexigenic hormone,\n                    whereas leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, nesfatin-1, and\n                    cholecystokinin collectively exert anorexigenic effects that promote satiety and\n                    energy homeostasis. Dysbiosis disrupts receptor-mediated endocrine signaling,\n                    alters hormonal secretion, and contributes to leptin resistance, impaired\n                    glucagon-like peptide-1 responsiveness, and dysregulated appetite\u2014key features\n                    in obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. This review synthesizes\n                    current mechanistic insights into the microbiota\u2013hormone axis and highlights how\n                    microbial modulation influences endocrine appetite regulation. Understanding\n                    these interactions provides a translational framework for developing\n                    microbiota-targeted endocrine therapies aimed at restoring metabolic balance and\n                    preventing obesity and related metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2851-0224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T22:57:27Z","timestamp":1778021847000},"page":"215-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endocrine Regulation of Appetite: Interactions between Gut\n                    Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Appetite-related Hormones"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Seval","family":"Arvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, Van Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Tip Fakultesi,\n                    Van, 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