{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T23:04:10Z","timestamp":1780009450204,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DK109956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK109956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In utero exposure to maternal prepregnancy diabetes is associated with an increased risk for abnormal glycemic outcomes in children, including impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to evaluate the timing of exposure to maternal dysglycemia and whether the effects persist into adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The Transgenerational Effects on Adult Morbidity (TEAM) Study followed offspring of mothers with prepregnancy insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), who participated in a Program Project Grant (PPG) between 1978 and 1995. These women had a detailed characterization of glycemic measures across pregnancy and comprehensive obstetric and delivery data. Offspring participated in a complete clinical exam, which included an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Multiple regression methods were used to identify associations between trimester-specific maternal hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) standard deviation (HbA1SD) and maternal glucose profiles with offspring glycemic outcomes, adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Among 161 offspring up to 42 years of age (mean age, 32.3 years), first trimester HbA1SD was associated with increased offspring fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c \u22656.5% after adjusting for maternal age, family history of diabetes, presence of microvascular disease, and body mass index (BMI) at the last menstrual period. Both second- and third-trimester maternal HbA1SD were positively associated with offspring HbA1c and inversely associated with the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), defined as the rapid, first-phase release of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells within 10\u2009minutes of the OGTT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings add to the current literature showing that the association between trimester-specific gestational maternal glycemic status and offspring adverse glycemic outcome persists into adulthood in the offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2854-5794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T22:52:24Z","timestamp":1777071144000},"page":"1082-1090","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Effects of Maternal Glycemic Measures in Pregnancy and Offspring Adverse Glycemic Outcomes: Results from the TEAM Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Bhoopathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Szczesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell P.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Summer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schubert Research Clinic, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekibib","family":"Altaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Ollberding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Endocrinology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane C.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Division of Diabetes and 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