{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:51:34Z","timestamp":1791589894587,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Der Hypoadrenokortizismus (HA) des Hundes ist eine seltene Endokrinopathie, die in einer prim\u00e4ren Form mit kombiniertem Gluko- und Mineralokortikoidmangel bzw. isoliertem Glukokortikoidmangel oder als sekund\u00e4re Form mit isoliertem Glukokortikoidmangel auftreten kann; zus\u00e4tzlich ist ein iatrogener HA m\u00f6glich. Die h\u00e4ufigste Form dieser Erkrankung ist der prim\u00e4re Hypoadrenokortizismus. Die klinische Symptomatik ist vielgestaltig und reicht von unspezifischen Symptomen wie Lethargie, Inappetenz, Erbrechen und Gewichtsverlust bis hin zu Polyurie (PU), Polydipsie (PD) oder akuten lebensbedrohlichen Krisen mit Hypovol\u00e4mie und Elektrolytverschiebungen. Typische Laborbefunde umfassen u.\u2009a. das Fehlen eines Stressleukogramms, Hyponatri\u00e4mie, Hyperkali\u00e4mie, Azot\u00e4mie und Hypoglyk\u00e4mie, wobei nicht alle Parameter zwingend ver\u00e4ndert sein m\u00fcssen. Der ACTH-Stimulationstest (ACTHST) gilt als Goldstandard zur Diagnosesicherung und weist einen Glukokortikoidmangel zuverl\u00e4ssig nach. Klassische Elektrolytverschiebung wie Hyperkali\u00e4mie und Hyponatri\u00e4mie sprechen indirekt f\u00fcr einen Mineralokortikoidmangel. Bei fehlenden Elektrolytverschiebungen ergeben sich keine verl\u00e4sslichen Anhaltspunkte f\u00fcr einen Mineralokortikoidmangel. Eine Differenzierung der Form des HA ist daher nicht m\u00f6glich. Das endogene adrenocorticotropes Hormon (eACTH) kann zur Differenzierung zwischen prim\u00e4rem und sekund\u00e4rem HA herangezogen werden, w\u00e4hrend die Aldosteronbestimmung bislang noch nicht f\u00fcr die Routinediagnostik empfohlen wird, um bei normalen Elektrolytwerten einen Mineralokortikoidmangel nachzuweisen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2854-7290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:21:38Z","timestamp":1791588098000},"page":"315-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Klinik und Diagnostik bei Hypoadrenokortizismus des Hundes"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Deborah Anna","family":"Dobosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kleintierklinik der LMU M\u00fcnchen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Wehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kleintierklinik der LMU M\u00fcnchen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.11.1549","article-title":"Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995\u20132010)","volume":"242","author":"T P Bellumori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13815","article-title":"Naturally Occurring Adrenocortical Insufficiency \u2013 An Epidemiological Study Based on a Swedish-Insured Dog Population of 525,028 Dogs","volume":"30","author":"J M Hanson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2015.01.001","article-title":"A review of the genetics of hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"29","author":"A M Boag","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-2-15","article-title":"Genetic evaluation of Addison's disease in the Portuguese Water Dog","volume":"2","author":"A M Oberbauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.643","article-title":"Inheritance of hypoadrenocorticism in bearded collies","volume":"63","author":"A M Oberbauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00096.x","article-title":"Heritability and complex segregation analysis of hypoadrenocorticism in the standard poodle","volume":"44","author":"T R Famula","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.10.012","article-title":"Examination of candidate genes for hypoadrenocorticism in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers","volume":"187","author":"A M Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of hypoadrenocorticism in Great Pyrenees dogs in a referred population: 11 cases","volume":"58","author":"M Decome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01933.x","article-title":"Abnormalities of serum electrolyte concentrations in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"21","author":"J A Adler","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00830.x","article-title":"White blood cell count and the sodium to potassium ratio to screen for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"25","author":"M Seth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(97)50036-2","article-title":"Primary and secondary canine hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"27","author":"P P Kintzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)","author":"E Feldman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1795","volume-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","author":"J C Scott-Moncrieff","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"842","volume-title":"The adrenocortical hormones","author":"A C Guyton","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.cp0070034","article-title":"Gastroprotective role of glucocorticoid hormones","volume":"104","author":"L Filaretova","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1970.219.5.1342","article-title":"Intestinal vasoconstriction after hemorrhage: roles of vasopressin and angiotensin","volume":"219","author":"J R McNeill","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.01.001","article-title":"Fluid and electrolyte therapy in endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus and hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"38","author":"S R Boysen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1488","volume-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism","author":"C Reusch","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.8.1190","article-title":"Comparison of classic hypoadrenocorticism with glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 46 cases (1985\u20132005)","volume":"230","author":"A L Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15752","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs with signs of chronic gastrointestinal disease: A multicenter study","volume":"34","author":"C Hauck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction","author":"E Feldman","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine","author":"S J Ettinger","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"148","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary spontaneous hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) in dogs","volume":"9","author":"P P Kintzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.01.85","article-title":"Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism: 225 cases (1979\u20131993)","volume":"208","author":"M E Peterson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb02377.x","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism in 42 dogs","volume":"37","author":"C Melian","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism","author":"J C Scott-Moncrieff","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.87.6.1816","article-title":"Molecular biology of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"87","author":"K K Griendling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(97)50026-x","article-title":"Adrenal physiology","volume":"27","author":"R J Kemppainen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410080011002","article-title":"Tissue renin-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure","volume":"153","author":"V J Dzau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.3.130.34788","article-title":"Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists","volume":"20","author":"J C Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080761","article-title":"Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE): Cushing\u2019s Syndrome and Hypoadrenocorticism-A Modified Delphi-Method-Based System to Create Consensus Definitions","volume":"12","author":"SJ M Niessen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Ypozane: Summary of Product Characteristics","author":"E M Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1994.tb03285.x","article-title":"Suppression of adrenocortical function in dogs receiving therapeutic doses of megestrol acetate","volume":"35","author":"AH M van den Broek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10216.x","article-title":"Effects of delmadinone acetate on pituitary-adrenal function, glucose tolerance and growth hormone in male dogs","volume":"76","author":"E A Court","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"525","article-title":"Review of medical physiology","volume":"30","author":"W F Ganong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dynamics of blood and lymph flow"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"Textbook of medical physiology, 101\u2019Ed","author":"A Guyton","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1981.179.02.155","article-title":"Atypical hypoadrenocorticism in three dogs","volume":"179","author":"W Rogers","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.12.2076","article-title":"Glucocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 18 cases (1986\u20131995)","volume":"209","author":"S J Lifton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-2-159","article-title":"Atypical Addison\u2019s disease in the dog: a retrospective survey of 14 cases","volume":"32","author":"D Sadek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Asso"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03601.x","article-title":"Hypocortisolaemia in a Labrador retriever","volume":"39","author":"K J Dunn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Prac"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.6.1280","article-title":"Possible mechanisms to explain the absence of hyperkalaemia in Addison's disease","volume":"16","author":"R F Gagnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12243","article-title":"Evaluation of aldosterone concentrations in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"28","author":"M E Baumstark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5820","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid before glucocorticoid deficiency in a dog with primary hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism","volume":"49","author":"K M McGonigle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Asso"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"394","volume-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison\u2019s disease)","author":"EC N Feldman","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(84)50079-5","article-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"14","author":"E C Feldman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.04.772","article-title":"Use of low- and high-dose dexamethasone tests for distinguishing pituitary-dependent from adrenal tumor hyperadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"209","author":"E C Feldman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"789","article-title":"Autoimmunity and Addison\u2019s disease in the dog","volume":"22","author":"M Schaer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Asso"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(05)80007-6","article-title":"Pituitary gland changes in canine hypoadrenocorticism: a functional and immunocytochemical study","volume":"111","author":"C E Boujon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-4310(96)10024-1","article-title":"The autoimmune basis of adrenocortical destruction in Addison's disease","volume":"2","author":"O Winqvist","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Med Today"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.3.0466","article-title":"Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes: autoantibodies, autoantigens, and their applicability in diagnosis and disease prediction","volume":"23","author":"C Betterle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.11.008","article-title":"Adrenal cortex autoantibodies in subjects with normal adrenal function","volume":"19","author":"C Betterle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000080495","article-title":"The adrenal","volume":"62","author":"L Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.11.242","article-title":"Correlation of inflammation with adrenocortical atrophy in canine adrenalitis","volume":"149","author":"C B Frank","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00916.x","article-title":"Addison's disease due to bilateral adrenal malignancy in a dog","volume":"51","author":"P H Kook","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-1-52","article-title":"Metastatic tumors to the adrenal glands in domestic animals","volume":"42","author":"P Labelle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"479","article-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism due to a bilateral abscessing inflammation of the adrenal cortex in a Rottweiler","volume":"53","author":"R Korth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-2-117","article-title":"Secondary hypoadrenocorticism associated with craniocerebral trauma in a dog","volume":"35","author":"S R Platt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Asso"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1122-7837","article-title":"Suspected bilateral adrenal gland tumour causing primary Addison\u2019s disease in a dog","volume":"48","author":"A-L Proksch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref73","author":"European Society of Veterinary Endocrinology (ESVE). Eunatraemic, eukalaemic hypoadrenocorticism. In: ALIVE Project Definition. Verf\u00fcgbar unter: https:\/\/www.esve.org\/alive-project. Zugriff am: 01.07.2025"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2014.10.001","article-title":"Canine hypoadrenocorticism: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"29","author":"K Van Lanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(89)50027-5","article-title":"Hyponatremia","volume":"19","author":"S P DiBartola","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879901100110","article-title":"Evaluation of low sodium: potassium ratios in dogs","volume":"11","author":"L Roth","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1985.187.01.60","article-title":"Clinicopathologic findings resembling hypoadrenocorticism in dogs with primary gastrointestinal disease","volume":"187","author":"S P DiBartola","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.03.353","article-title":"Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia associated with idiopathic or experimentally induced chylothorax in four dogs","volume":"199","author":"M D Willard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(89)50029-9","article-title":"Disorders of Potassium Homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"M D Willard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1590","article-title":"Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia associated with peritoneal effusion in four cats","volume":"218","author":"S A Bissett","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03234.x","article-title":"Basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma aldosterone concentrations are normal or increased in dogs with trichuriasis-associated pseudohypoadrenocorticism","volume":"8","author":"T K Graves","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1988.tb02807.x","article-title":"A retrospective study of aldosterone secretion in normal and adrenopathic dogs","volume":"2","author":"D L Golden","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"248","article-title":"Diagnostic value of plasma aldosterone\/potassium ratio in hypoaldosteronism","volume":"94","author":"C J Shiah","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.75.1.1320051","article-title":"Diagnosis and therapy surveillance in Addison's disease: rapid adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) test and measurement of plasma ACTH, renin activity, and aldosterone","volume":"75","author":"W Oelkers","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"179","article-title":"Canine hypoadrenocorticism: part II","volume":"51","author":"S C Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00409.x","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary axis deficiency following traumatic brain injury in a dog","volume":"19","author":"C Foley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"113","article-title":"An expansile secondary hypophyseal mastocytoma in a dog","volume":"60","author":"G N Eckersley","year":"1989","journal-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03726.x","article-title":"Chronic hypoglycaemia in a hunting dog due to secondary hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"39","author":"H M Syme","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/vmrr.s125617","article-title":"Management of hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) in dogs","volume":"9","author":"P Lathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary medicine (Auckland, NZ)"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02747.x","article-title":"Efficacy of transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in treatment of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"19","author":"J M Hanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16979","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery after intermediate-acting glucocorticoid treatment in client-owned dogs","volume":"38","author":"F Del Baldo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.09.004","article-title":"Cortisol, aldosterone, cortisol precursor, androgen and endogenous ACTH concentrations in dogs with pituitary-dependant hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane","volume":"31","author":"N S Sieber-Ruckstuhl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00241.x","article-title":"Adrenal necrosis in a dog receiving trilostane for the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"45","author":"P S Chapman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.7.219","article-title":"Histological evaluation of the adrenal glands of seven dogs with hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane","volume":"160","author":"C E Reusch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(84)50078-3","article-title":"Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"14","author":"M E Peterson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15604","article-title":"Presumptive iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism induced by high-dose ketoconazole administration in a dog","volume":"33","author":"A Hernandez-Bures","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"407","article-title":"Ketoconazole-induced transient hypoadrenocorticism in a dog","volume":"61","author":"A M Sullivant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.10.018","volume-title":"Incidence and risk factors for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs treated with trilostane","author":"J B King","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.17236\/sat00056","article-title":"[Transient, secondary hypoadrenocorticism after treatment with delmadinone acetate (Tardastrex\u00ae) in a two year old male dog]","volume":"158","author":"K Kempker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14367","article-title":"The Influence of Pituitary Size on Outcome After Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in a Large Cohort of Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hypercortisolism","volume":"30","author":"S J van Rijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0118.x","article-title":"Use of a low-dose ACTH stimulation test for diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"22","author":"P Lathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12392","article-title":"Use of the cortisol-to-ACTH ratio for diagnosis of primary hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"28","author":"P Lathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1623768","article-title":"Diagnostic efficacy of the leukogram and the chemiluminometric ACTH measurement to diagnose canine hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"42","author":"F K Zeugswetter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13593","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cortisol-to-ACTH Ratio in Dogs with Hypoadrenocorticism, Dogs with Diseases Mimicking Hypoadrenocorticism and in Healthy Dogs","volume":"29","author":"F S Boretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12162","article-title":"Consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"275","author":"E S Husebye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"563","article-title":"Addison disease: early detection and treatment principles","volume":"89","author":"A Michels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.3.413","article-title":"Use of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 123 cases (2000\u20132005)","volume":"231","author":"E M Lennon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00680.x","article-title":"The effect of otic vehicle and concentration of dexamethasone on liver enzyme activities and adrenal function in small breed healthy dogs","volume":"19","author":"J S Aniya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.09.1503","article-title":"Adrenal gland function in dogs given methylprednisolone","volume":"41","author":"K B Spencer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.02.204","article-title":"","volume":"43","author":"R J Kemppainen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.05.822","article-title":"Adrenocortical suppression in the dog after a single dose of methylprednisolone acetate","volume":"42","author":"R J Kemppainen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1984.45.04.742","article-title":"Effects of single intravenous doses of dexamethasone on baseline plasma cortisol concentrations and responses to synthetic ACTH in healthy dogs","volume":"45","author":"R J Kemppainen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.05.716","article-title":"Duration of pituitary and adrenocortical suppression after long-term administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone in dogs","volume":"53","author":"G E Moore","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.06.698","article-title":"Effect of alternate-day prednisolone administration on hypophyseal-adrenocortical activity in dogs","volume":"60","author":"C W Brockus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-25-3-343","article-title":"Diurnal variation in supresson of adrenal function by glucocorticoids","volume":"25","author":"T Nichols","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199201233260403","article-title":"The effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"326","author":"R Schlaghecke","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90042-5","article-title":"Pituitary-adrenal function following long-term steroid therapy","volume":"29","author":"J W Meakin","year":"1960","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90444-3","article-title":"Pituitary adrenal recovery following short-term suppression with corticosteroids","volume":"66","author":"W F Streck","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12426","article-title":"Use of plasma renin activity to monitor mineralocorticoid treatment in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism: desoxycorticosterone versus fludrocortisone","volume":"28","author":"M E Baumstark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12415","article-title":"Basal serum cortisol concentration as a screening test for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"28","author":"C Bovens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14589","article-title":"Evaluation of Basal Serum or Plasma Cortisol Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs","volume":"30","author":"A J Gold","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-6196(12)61120-3","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of adrenal dysfunction: the laboratory perspective","volume":"67","author":"K Snow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)61684-0","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency","volume":"383","author":"E Charmandari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s1575-0922(14)73526-0","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in the adult","volume":"61","author":"P de Miguel Novoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"ref130","volume-title":"Adrenal Insufficiency","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.8.178","article-title":"Assessment of two tests for the diagnosis of canine hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"122","author":"A Rijnberk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12192","article-title":"Diagnosis of spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism: 2012 ACVIM consensus statement (small animal)","volume":"27","author":"E N Behrend","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211031194","article-title":"Validation study of canine urine cortisol measurement with the Immulite 2000 Xpi cortisol immunoassay","volume":"33","author":"J Korchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.10.0296","article-title":"Comparison of urinary cortisol, urinary cortisol-to-creatinine ratio, and basal serum cortisol as screening tests for hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"86","author":"F Fracassi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02896.x","article-title":"Aldosterone-to-renin and cortisol-to-adrenocorticotropic hormone ratios in healthy dogs and dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"20","author":"S Javadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1981.00340130033011","article-title":"A screening test to identify aldosterone-producing adenoma by measuring plasma renin activity. Results in hypertensive patients","volume":"141","author":"K Hiramatsu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.12.1713","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma aldosterone concentrations before and after ACTH administration in clinically normal dogs and in dogs with various diseases","volume":"48","author":"M D Willard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-5-952","article-title":"Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary hyperaldosteronism","volume":"73","author":"T J McKenn","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Quantitation of aldosterone in serum or plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS)","author":"J G van der Gugten","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.08.042","article-title":"Enhancement of specificity of aldosterone measurement in human serum and plasma using 2D-LC\u2013MS\/MS and comparison with commercial immunoassays","volume":"970","author":"J A Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.11.005","article-title":"Determination of aldosterone in serum by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"862","author":"U Turpeinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2000.1.1.61","article-title":"The clinical implication of sodium-potassium ratios in dogs","volume":"1","author":"S I Pak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.144.2.75","article-title":"Pseudohypoadrenocorticism in two Siberian huskies with gastrointestinal parasitoses","volume":"144","author":"N Ruckstuhl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.897","article-title":"Combined hyponatremia and hyperkalemia mimicking acute hypoadrenocorticism in three pregnant dogs","volume":"218","author":"M Schaer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.14.431","article-title":"Low ratios of sodium to potassium in the serum of 238 dogs","volume":"162","author":"L Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13018","article-title":"Evaluation of urine electrolytes for the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs","volume":"50","author":"C A Dropkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12649","article-title":"A retrospective study of dogs with atypical hypoadrenocorticism: a diagnostic cut-off or continuum?","volume":"58","author":"J A Wakayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c4235","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal glands in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism or mimicking diseases","volume":"167","author":"M Wenger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Rec"}],"container-title":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere \/ Heimtiere"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2854-7290.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:21:56Z","timestamp":1791588116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2854-7290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"05","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2854-7290","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1239","2567-5842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1239","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-5842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}}}