{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:11:53Z","timestamp":1792631513094,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of\n                        Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19K20021,23K10674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K20021,23K10674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Foot muscle strength influences jumping performance, but adaptation differences\n                    between barefoot and shod training remain unclear. This study compared the\n                    effects of an 8-week training program performed barefoot (BARE), shod (SHOD), or\n                    without training (CON). Healthy habitually SHOD non-athlete adults (age:\n                    39.0\u00b110.6 y; height: 1.61\u00b10.08 m; body mass: 61.5\u00b19.8\u2009kg) were assigned to BARE\n                        (n=19), SHOD (n=17), or CON (n=17) groups. Participants\n                    in the training groups performed 60-minute sessions twice weekly. Toe flexor\n                    strength, foot arch height, and jump performance were assessed at baseline and\n                    weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8. In the BARE group, toe flexor strength increased by 8.3%\n                    at week 2 (p\u22640.05) and continued to improve through weeks 4\u20138\n                    (p\u22640.01, effect size=1.17), whereas gains in the SHOD group appeared at\n                    week 4 and were limited to baseline comparisons. Vertical jump height improved\n                    similarly across groups, whereas standing broad jump distance improved in the\n                    BARE group after 8 weeks (p\u22640.01) and was greater than that in the CON\n                    group (p\u22640.01, effect size=1.12). These findings suggest that identical\n                    barefoot training induces earlier and progressive improvements in foot muscle\n                    strength and may contribute to improved forward jump performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2858-1277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T23:06:16Z","timestamp":1778540776000},"page":"775-784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Jump Performance following Foot Muscle Training: Influence of\n                    Barefoot versus Shod Exercise"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Keiji","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toin University of\n                Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","place":["Yokohama"],"department":["Department of Sport Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Hosono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toin University of\n                Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","place":["Yokohama"],"department":["Department of Sport Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90175-3","article-title":"Coordination in vertical jumping","volume":"21","author":"M F Bobbert","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.07.002","article-title":"Examining the intrinsic foot muscles\u2019 capacity to modulate plantar flexor\n                    gearing and ankle joint contributions to propulsion in vertical jumping","volume":"12","author":"R Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.736627","article-title":"The potential of toe flexor muscles to enhance performance","volume":"31","author":"J P Goldmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"191","article-title":"Effects of a 12-week barefoot exercise training on foot muscle functions and\n                    arch height","volume":"181","author":"K Koyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gazzetta Medica Italiana"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0796-6679","article-title":"Toe flexor muscle strength and morphological characteristics of the foot in judo\n                    athletes","volume":"40","author":"K Koyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189184","article-title":"Altered postural sway following fatiguing foot muscle\n                    exercises","volume":"12","author":"K Koyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2022.2050950","article-title":"Increased toe flexor strength does not relate to altered postural sway during\n                    static upright standing after 12 weeks of multicomponent exercise training","volume":"23","author":"K Koyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2024.102128","article-title":"Mechanical drivers of intrinsic foot muscle for maximum toe flexor strength in\n                    upright standing across different body size","volume":"61","author":"K Koyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12937","article-title":"Force-generating capacity of the toe flexor muscles and dynamic function of the\n                    foot arch in upright standing","volume":"234","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.12.010","article-title":"Relation between the ankle joint angle and the maximum isometric force of the\n                    toe flexor muscles","volume":"85","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109719","article-title":"Importance of toe flexor strength in vertical jump performance","volume":"104","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2367365","article-title":"Human foot muscle strength and its association with sprint acceleration, cutting\n                    and jumping performance, and kinetics in high-level athletes","volume":"42","author":"R Tourillon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000402","article-title":"Toe flexor strength and foot arch height in children","volume":"47","author":"N Morita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"307","article-title":"Toe flexor strength and lower-limb physical performance in adolescent","volume":"174","author":"M Otsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gazzetta Medica Italiana"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2018.01.050","article-title":"Impact of various foot arches on dynamic balance and speed performance in\n                    collegiate short distance runners: A cross-sectional comparative study","volume":"15","author":"S Sudhakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110322","article-title":"Effects of medial longitudinal arch flexibility on propulsion kinetics during\n                    drop vertical jumps","volume":"118","author":"C D Grozier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2010.08.001","article-title":"A comparison in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis and the medial\n                    longitudinal arch angle during toe curl and short foot exercises","volume":"12","author":"D Y Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.3136","article-title":"The effects of short foot exercises and arch support insoles on improvement in\n                    the medial longitudinal arch and dynamic balance of flexible flatfoot\n                    patients","volume":"28","author":"E K Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.21.4.327","article-title":"Differences in static- and dynamic-balance task performance after 4 weeks of\n                    intrinsic-foot-muscle training: The short-foot exercise versus the towel-curl\n                    exercise","volume":"21","author":"S K Lynn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21916-7","article-title":"Foot strength and stiffness are related to footwear use in a comparison of\n                    minimally- vs conventionally-shod populations","volume":"8","author":"N B Holowka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0309157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309157","article-title":"Sticking the landing: A comparison of shod vs\n                    barefoot landing kinetics and foot muscle characteristics in gymnasts,\n                    cheerleaders, and non-athletes","volume":"19","author":"S T Ridge","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"553","volume-title":"Effect of increased mechanical stimuli on foot muscles functional capacity","author":"G P Br\u00fcggemann","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.09.001","article-title":"Effect of training in a sandy environment on foot morphology and function","volume":"40","author":"T Maemichi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.05.010","article-title":"Effects of training in minimalist shoes on the intrinsic and extrinsic foot\n                    muscle volume","volume":"36","author":"T L Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2386213","article-title":"Minimalist school shoes improve intrinsic foot muscle size, strength, and arch\n                    integrity among primary school students","volume":"42","author":"A Fong Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001141","article-title":"Long-term effects of habitual barefoot running and walking: A systematic\n                    review","volume":"49","author":"K Hollander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-016-0166-1","article-title":"The effects of being habitually barefoot on foot mechanics and motor performance\n                    in children and adolescents aged 6\u201318 years: Study protocol for a multicenter\n                    cross-sectional study (Barefoot LIFE project)","volume":"9","author":"K Hollander","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1957-2356","article-title":"Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2022 update","volume":"43","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2025.150037","article-title":"Effects of plyometric training performed on different surfaces and with\n                    different types of footwear on the neuromuscular performance of team-sport\n                    athletes: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"G R Sanchez-Ottado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Sport"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-7-26","article-title":"Maximum toe flexor muscle strength and quantitative analysis of human plantar\n                    intrinsic and extrinsic muscles by a magnetic resonance imaging technique","volume":"7","author":"T Kurihara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232100-00002","article-title":"Muscle strength testing: Use of normalisation for body size","volume":"32","author":"S Jaric","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070102200607","article-title":"The measurement of the medial longitudinal arch in children","volume":"22","author":"J C Gilmour","year":"2001","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700509","article-title":"The effect of gender, age, and lateral dominance on arch height and arch\n                    stiffness","volume":"27","author":"R A 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Bulletin"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.70252\/LNVL7215","article-title":"The effect of barefoot running on EMG activity in the gastrocnemius and tibialis\n                    anterior in active college-aged females","volume":"12","author":"R Beierle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000431","article-title":"Foot structure and function in habitually barefoot and shod adolescents in\n                    Kenya","volume":"16","author":"H Aibast","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200304000-00002","article-title":"Training-induced changes in neural function","volume":"31","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00064-6","article-title":"Stretch-shortening cycle: A powerful model to study normal and fatigued\n                    muscle","volume":"33","author":"P V Komi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0268634","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268634","article-title":"The mechanical role of the metatarsophalangeal joint in human\n                    jumping","volume":"17","author":"J Yamauchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812820116","article-title":"The functional importance of human foot muscles for bipedal locomotion","volume":"116","author":"D J Farris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.849000","article-title":"Lower limb joint kinetics during the first stance phase in athletics sprinting:\n                    Three elite athlete case studies","volume":"32","author":"N E Bezodis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01524.x","article-title":"The potential of human toe flexor muscles to produce force","volume":"221","author":"J P Goldmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025699","article-title":"Joint moment and mechanical power flow of the lower limb during vertical\n                    jump","volume":"8","author":"S Fukashiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"19","article-title":"Kinetics of standing broad and vertical 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movements","volume":"24","author":"J Teng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-45","article-title":"Ultrasonic evaluation of the abductor hallucis muscle in hallux valgus: A\n                    cross-sectional observational study","volume":"14","author":"S Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.02.008","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus","volume":"40","author":"S Angin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports 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