{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:09:12Z","timestamp":1789081752463,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Planta Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Borassus aethiopum, a widely used West African palm, is a staple food\n                    source and a traditional medicinal plant with emerging relevance to\n                    immunometabolic pharmacology. This narrative review integrates ethnobotanical,\n                    phytochemical and pharmacological evidence, with particular emphasis on\n                    oxidative stress, cytokine signalling and low-grade inflammation. Available\n                    non-clinical and limited human data indicate that preparations derived from\n                    inflorescences, fruit pulp and kernels may exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory\n                    and cardiometabolic effects, although the evidence base remains heterogeneous.\n                    Major constituents, including polyphenols, terpenoids, sterols, saponins and\n                    lipid fractions, are discussed in relation to redox-sensitive and\n                    inflammation-related pathways, particularly nuclear factor-kappa B\n                    (NF-\u03baB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as well\n                    as cytokine networks implicated in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. In\n                    rodent models, B. aethiopum preparations have been associated with\n                    reductions in oedema, nociception, pyrexia, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia,\n                    often alongside lower C-Reactive protein and oxidative stress markers.\n                    Preliminary human studies using B. aethiopum-enriched bread in\n                    individuals at cardiometabolic risk have reported improvements in blood pressure\n                    (BP) and lipid profile, suggesting a possible effect on low-grade inflammatory\n                    status. Overall, the available evidence supports a multi-target framework in\n                    which B. aethiopum may influence cytokine-related and redox-regulated\n                    processes, while highlighting substantial limitations, including variable\n                    extraction methods, incomplete phytochemical characterisation, sparse cytokine\n                    measurements and small clinical samples. Future work should prioritise\n                    standardised chemo-fingerprinting, multiplex cytokine profiling, metabolomic\n                    integration and pragmatic dietary or extract-based interventions in at-risk\n                    populations. B. aethiopum may therefore serve as a useful model for a\n                    structured pharmacological evaluation of plant-derived foods within an\n                    immunometabolic context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2859-4064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:57:36Z","timestamp":1777417056000},"page":"1008-1029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Borassus aethiopum in Immunometabolic Pharmacology: Linking\n                    Phytochemistry, Oxidative Stress and Cytokine Signalling"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3622-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Bonifacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Management Company (PMC) ltd., Bucharest,\n                    Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7069-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Rapisarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of\n                    Galati, Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9563-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of\n                    Galati, Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5390-568X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido Attilio","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of\n                    Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, Galati,\n                    Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of\n                    Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.11.007","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks Collaborators. 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