{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T23:26:57Z","timestamp":1786663617907,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","funder":[{"name":"Funding was provided by the German Society for Perinatal\n                        Medicine (DGPM, https:\/\/www.dgpm-online.org\/)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infection with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy increases the risk for adverse\n                        events in mothers and newborns. Research is increasingly exploring potential\n                        consequences of intrauterine exposure to the developing nervous system.\n                        However, there is still a lack of high-quality studies on long-term\n                        outcomes. The CRONOS-Kids study aims to investigate the global development\n                        of children after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in utero in comparison to an\n                        unexposed control group. This paper outlines the CRONOS-Kids study protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The study is designed as a prospective population-based cohort study and will\n                        recruit children aged 36\u201360 months at the time of assessment. The exposed\n                        cohort will be recruited from the German CRONOS registry and will include\n                        only children who have been exposed to the Alpha and Delta variants of\n                        SARS-CoV-2. The unexposed cohort will be recruited by local pediatricians\n                        and via social media. For clinical evaluations, the Movement Assessment\n                        Battery for Children, 2nd Edition will be used. Parental\n                        self-reports on development will use the Ages and Stages Questionnaire,\n                            3rd Edition. Additional questionnaires cover information\n                        about maternal and child health, vaccinations, healthcare usage, media\n                        consumption, and maternal quality of life. Until April 2026, we aim to\n                        recruit 125 exposed and 125 unexposed children across five study sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The CRONOS-Kids study will explore the impact of intrauterine SARS-CoV-2\n                        exposure to specific virus variants on long-term neurologic outcomes in\n                        children as well as broader consequences of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2861-0938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T22:51:01Z","timestamp":1779231061000},"page":"338-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From CRONOS to CRONOS-Kids: Investigating Neurological Development in\n                    Toddlers After Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy \u2013 A Study Protocol\n                    For A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"230","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06968897","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Mand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Wege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Lena","family":"Cares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e9e","family":"Ersfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines Simone","family":"Wallot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1455-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinna Nora","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Z\u00f6llkau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Germany","place":["Jena"],"department":["Obstetrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Steuernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Germany","place":["Jena"],"department":["Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Freiburg, Germany","place":["Freiburg"],"department":["Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8231-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kuntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Freiburg, Germany","place":["Freiburg"],"department":["Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Andresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus\n                    Kiel, Germany","place":["Kiel"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Carolin","family":"Longardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein \u2013 Campus\n                    Kiel, Germany","place":["Kiel"],"department":["Department for Neonatology, Pediatric Pneumology and Neuropediatrics\n                    (Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine II)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Mense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dresden University Hospital, Germany","place":["Dresden"],"department":["Saxonian Centre for Feto\/Neonatal Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Pecks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg, Germany","place":["W\u00fcrzburg"],"department":["Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ruediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dresden University Hospital, Germany","place":["Dresden"],"department":["Saxonian Centre for Feto\/Neonatal Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Marburg, Germany","place":["Marburg"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6944e3","article-title":"Update: Characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with\n                    laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status - United States,\n                    January 22\u2013October 3, 2020","volume":"69","author":"L D Zambrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030701","article-title":"Pregnant and postpartum women requiring intensive care treatment for 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Data from the COVID-19 Related Obstetrics\n                    and Neonatal Outcome Study Network, Germany","volume":"228","author":"A Iannaccone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E540","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.202604","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"193","author":"S Q Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2023-0299","article-title":"Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 \u2013 data from the German COVID-19 related\n                    obstetric and neonatal outcome study (CRONOS)","volume":"52","author":"N Mand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4578","article-title":"Perinatal transmission and clinical outcomes of neonates born to\n   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Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021721","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1021721","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) as a possible risk factor for neurodevelopmental\n                    disorders","volume":"16","author":"H Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03359-2","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2\n                    infections during pregnancy: a national prospective study in Kuwait","volume":"22","author":"M Ayed","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in infants of mothers who tested positive\n                    for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"A G Edlow","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02808-x","article-title":"Investigating the impact of severe maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on infant DNA\n                    methylation and neurodevelopment","volume":"30","author":"R A Hill","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01825-1","article-title":"Impact of Covid-19 in pregnancy on mother's psychological status and\n                    infant\u2019s neurobehavioral development: a longitudinal cohort study in China","volume":"18","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e215563","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5563","article-title":"Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with\n                    neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants 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