{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:05:53Z","timestamp":1784156753162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluates the diagnostic value of serum carcinoembryonic antigen,\ncarbohydrate antigen, neuron-specific enolase, and lipid metabolism markers\n(total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density\nlipoprotein cholesterol) in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 175 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients (experimental group)\nand 88 healthy individuals (control group) were enrolled. Serum levels of\ncarcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen, neuron-specific enolase,\ntotal cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density\nlipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were analyzed. A logistic\nregression analysis model was constructed, and the receiver operating\ncharacteristic curve was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of individual\nindicators with statistically significant differences, as well as the\ncombined detection model, in predicting the occurrence, pathological\ngrading, and metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients showed higher levels of\ncarcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase, low-density lipoprotein\ncholesterol and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than\nthe control group. High-grade pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients\nshowed higher carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen,\nneuron-specific enolase, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein\ncholesterol levels than low-grade cases, with increased metastasis risk.\nElevated carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen, and neuron-specific\nenolase levels were linked to metastasis. The results are statistically\nsignificant. High neuron-specific enolase and low high-density lipoprotein\ncholesterol were pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor risk factors, with area\nunder the curves of 0.899 and 0.666, respectively, improving to 0.911 when\ncombined. Elevated carbohydrate antigen and neuron-specific enolase levels\npredicted high-grade (area under the curves: 0.728, 0.645; combined area\nunder the curve: 0.765) and metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors\n(area under the curves: 0.693, 0.651; combined area under the curves:\n0.689).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Increased neuron-specific enolase is a strong predictor of pancreatic\nneuroendocrine tumor occurrence, grading, and metastasis. Lower high-density\nlipoprotein cholesterol predicts pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor occurrence\nbut not grading or metastasis. Combined markers enhance diagnostic accuracy\nfor pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor detection and grading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2866-8701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T22:46:02Z","timestamp":1779144362000},"page":"227-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Carbohydrate Antigen, Neuron-specific\nEnolase and Lipid Profile to Predict the Occurrence, Pathological Grading and\nMetastasis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine\nAffiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.157 Daming Road, China","place":["Nanjing, 210022"],"department":["Department of Medical Image"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine\nAffiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, NO.157 Daming Road, China","place":["Nanjing, 210022"],"department":["Department of Medical Image"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Hospital, The\nFirst Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, NO.300 Guangzhou\nRoad,, China","place":["Nanjing, 210029"],"department":["Department of Neuroendocrine Tumor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Hospital, The\nFirst Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, NO.300 Guangzhou\nRoad,, China","place":["Nanjing, 210029"],"department":["Department of Neuroendocrine Tumor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxing","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Hospital, The\nFirst Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, NO.300 Guangzhou\nRoad,, China","place":["Nanjing, 210029"],"department":["Department of Neuroendocrine Tumor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5363-2752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mujie","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Province Hospital, The\nFirst Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, NO.300 Guangzhou\nRoad,, China","place":["Nanjing, 210029"],"department":["Department of Neuroendocrine Tumor"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"01","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-13089-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of surufatinib in the treatment of patients with\nneuroendocrine tumor: A real-world study in Chinese population","volume":"24","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2024.04.010","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"51","author":"S Kamboj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09612-2","article-title":"Classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms: Lights and shadows","volume":"22","author":"S La Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13495","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13495","article-title":"Primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasms of children, a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"K A Samady","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00374-7","article-title":"Pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms: The molecular landscape, therapeutic\nchallenges, and diagnosis and management strategies","volume":"26","author":"T Sen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref6","first-page":"e70059","article-title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the breast: Current insights and future\ndirections","volume":"7","author":"L Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113281","article-title":"Advancements in neuroendocrine neoplasms: Imaging and future frontiers","volume":"13","author":"L Asmundo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70001","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.70001","article-title":"Incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs): An\nupdated systematic review of population-based reports from 2010 to 2023","volume":"37","author":"M A Nordstrand","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81518-4","article-title":"Epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine\nneoplasms","volume":"14","author":"J Uhlig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2124750","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24750","article-title":"Epidemiologic trends of and factors associated with overall survival for\npatients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in the United\nStates","volume":"4","author":"Z Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09708-2","article-title":"Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"33","author":"G Rindi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine pathology"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-024-09835-y","article-title":"Progression of low-grade neuroendocrine tumors (NET) to high-grade neoplasms\nharboring the NEC-Like Co-alteration of RB1 and TP53","volume":"35","author":"N M Joseph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240321","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-24-0321","article-title":"Temporal increase in Ki-67 index in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine\ntumours","volume":"32","author":"P Bourdeleau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.96831","article-title":"Hypoxic tumor-derived exosomal miR-4488 induces macrophage M2 polarization to\npromote liver metastasis of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm through\nRTN3\/FABP5 mediated fatty acid oxidation","volume":"20","author":"F Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01545-6","article-title":"Multiregion WES of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors revealed\nheterogeneity in genomic alterations, immune microenvironment and evolutionary\npatterns","volume":"22","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.102899","article-title":"The efficacy of streptozotocin in managing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms-A\nsystematic review","volume":"134","author":"G Arrivi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32020086","article-title":"Treatment patterns of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) patients at two\ncanadian cancer centres","volume":"32","author":"G Nair","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12710","article-title":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Classification and novel role of endoscopic\nultrasound in diagnosis and treatment personalization","volume":"13","author":"M Tacelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-04079-6","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of ephrin receptors in neuroendocrine neoplasms:\nA case-series of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms and a\nsystematic review of the literature","volume":"87","author":"K I Alexandraki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"13","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23762","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202302489RRR","article-title":"Hypoxia exosome derived CEACAM5 promotes tumor-associated macrophages M2\npolarization to accelerate pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors metastasis via\nMMP9","volume":"38","author":"M Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110836","article-title":"Single-cell sequencing reveals the heterogeneity of pancreatic neuroendocrine\ntumors under genomic instability and histological grading","volume":"27","author":"Z Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"35","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2308417","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308417","article-title":"MEN1 deficiency-driven activation of the beta-Catenin-MGMT axis promotes\npancreatic neuroendocrine tumor growth and confers temozolomide resistance","volume":"11","author":"J Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216769","article-title":"The stromal microenvironment endows pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with\nspatially specific invasive and metastatic phenotypes","volume":"588","author":"Z Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref24","first-page":"910","article-title":"Systemic cancer hallmarks as novel markers associated with progression-free\nsurvival in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients undergoing\nPRRT","volume":"115","author":"M K Padwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75882-4","article-title":"The prognostic and therapeutic value of the tumor microenvironment and immune\ncheckpoints in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"14","author":"Z Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01423-1","article-title":"CTCF enhances panc reatic cancer progression via FLG-AS1-dependent epigenetic\nregulation and macrophage polarization","volume":"32","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.103428","article-title":"FTO-induced APOE promotes the malignant progression of pancreatic neuroendocrine\nneoplasms through FASN-mediated lipid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"J Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12041","DOI":"10.1002\/ccs3.12041","article-title":"Hypoxia drives CBR4 down-regulation promotes gastroenteropancreatic\nneuroendocrine tumors via activation mammalian target of rapamycin mediated by\nfatty acid synthase","volume":"18","author":"M Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04870-z","article-title":"Hypoxia upregulating ACSS2 enhances lipid metabolism reprogramming through\nHMGCS1 mediated PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway to promote the progression of pancreatic\nneuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"22","author":"D Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2229-3489","article-title":"Serum lipid level in evaluating chinese pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: A\nretrospective study","volume":"132","author":"D Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01669-z","article-title":"The associations between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and\nmalignant behavior in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"21","author":"L Quan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2866-8701.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:32:30Z","timestamp":1784154750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2866-8701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"07","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2866-8701","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-7349","1439-3646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-7349","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]]}}}