{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:05:07Z","timestamp":1783987507548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antipsychotic drugs frequently cause metabolic complications in people with\n                    schizophrenia spectrum disorders, increasing cardiovascular morbidity and\n                    contributing to premature mortality; nutraceutical and phytotherapeutic agents\n                    may offer accessible adjunctive strategies, but their efficacy in this setting\n                    remains uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO:\n                    CRD42024616494) of randomized controlled trials comparing\n                    nutraceuticals\/phytotherapics with placebo in adults (18\u201365 years) with\n                    schizophrenia spectrum disorders receiving antipsychotics, including\n                    interventions lasting at least 4 weeks. Primary outcomes were body weight change\n                    and all-cause treatment discontinuation; secondary outcomes included lipid\n                    profile, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, and anthropometric measures. Two\n                    independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality using the\n                    Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and meta-analyses primarily used random-effects\n                    models. Twenty-one trials (1,426 participants) evaluating 16 interventions were\n                    included. Omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics combined with dietary fibers, and\n                    Liuyu decoction were each associated with reduced body weight versus placebo,\n                    while alpha-lipoic acid showed consistent triglyceride reductions across two\n                    independent trials and berberine reduced systolic blood pressure.\n                    Discontinuation rates did not differ between groups, but risk of bias was\n                    frequently substantial, mainly due to blinding limitations and missing data\n                    handling. Overall, alpha-lipoic acid for hypertriglyceridemia and berberine for\n                    hypertension have the most consistent multi-trial support, whereas single-trial\n                    findings for omega-3s, probiotic combinations, and traditional Chinese medicine\n                    preparations require replication; heterogeneity and methodological weaknesses\n                    currently preclude broad clinical recommendations, though selected\n                    nutraceuticals may be considered for specific metabolic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2869-0635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:10:41Z","timestamp":1783984241000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and tolerability of nutraceuticals and phytotherapics for\n                    antipsychotic-induced weight gain in schizophrenia spectrum disorders:\n                    Systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Francesco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry\n                    Unit"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Germany","place":["Munich"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and\n                    Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence, Italy","place":["Florence"],"department":["Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child\n                    Health"]},{"name":"Headache Center and Clinical Pharmacology, Careggi University\n                    Hospital, Tuscany, Italy","place":["Florence"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry\n                    Unit"]},{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of\n                    Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia Francesca","family":"Aprile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Germany","place":["Munich"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and\n                    Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Canonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry\n                    Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Concerto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry\n                    Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rodolico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Germany","place":["Munich"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and\n                    Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar"]},{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry\n                    Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Salvina","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry\n                    Unit"]},{"name":"Oasi Research Institute\u2014IRCCS, Sicily, Italy","place":["Troina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Leucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Germany","place":["Munich"],"department":["Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TUM School of Medicine and\n                    Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar"]},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health, Germany","place":["Berlin"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Caraci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Catania, Sicily, Italy","place":["Catania"],"department":["Department of Drug and Health Sciences"]},{"name":"Oasi Research Institute\u2014IRCCS, Sicily, Italy","place":["Troina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Evidence-based treatment with antipsychotics in schizophrenia: S3-guideline and\n                    current references","author":"D Wozniak","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116460","article-title":"Oral versus long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia spectrum\n                    disorders: A systematic review of patients\u2019 subjective experiences","volume":"348","author":"S F Aprile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-025-02169-8","article-title":"Quality of life, disability and antipsychotics-related side effects in\n                    schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder: The role of patient-reported\n                    outcome measures","author":"S F Aprile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030238","article-title":"Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic syndrome: From molecular mechanisms to\n                    clinical differences","volume":"14","author":"M Carli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105454","article-title":"An umbrella review of adverse effects associated with antipsychotic medications:\n                    the need for complementary study designs","volume":"155","author":"RT S Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253221097261","article-title":"Effects of antipsychotics on heart rate in\n                    treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"M Huhn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-024-01391-x","article-title":"Disability and adverse effects of oral versus long-acting injectable\n                    antipsychotics in schizophrenia-spectrum and bipolar disorder: A comparison\n                    based on data-driven taxonomy","volume":"44","author":"A Rodolico","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01291-8","article-title":"Mechanism and treatments of antipsychotic-induced weight gain","volume":"47","author":"W Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.01.034","article-title":"How sedentary are people with psychosis? A systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"B Stubbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2025.05.008","article-title":"Exploring weight gain and body image in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A\n                    systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"281","author":"S F Aprile","year":"2025","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.03.016","article-title":"Dietary patterns and physical activity in people with schizophrenia and\n                    increased waist circumference","volume":"199","author":"A S Jakobsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02735-z","article-title":"Are probiotics effective in reducing the metabolic side effects of psychiatric\n                    medication? A scoping review of evidence from clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"S M\u00f6tteli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa191","article-title":"Does switching antipsychotics ameliorate weight gain in patients with severe\n                    mental illness? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"D Siskind","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2017.85","article-title":"The impact of lifestyle, diet, and psychological stress on female fertility","volume":"32","author":"S G Vitale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230322160259","article-title":"Functional nutrition as integrated intervention for in- and outpatient with\n                    schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"F Matrisciano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"JA C Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135853","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2023.1135853","article-title":"The international platform of registered\n                    systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (INPLASY) at 3 years: An analysis\n                    of 4,658 registered protocols on inplasy.com, platform features, and website\n                    statistics","volume":"8","author":"Ritto FG Canellas JVDS","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Res Metr Anal"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.028","article-title":"Assessment of the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic and inflammatory\n                    parameters in patients with schizophrenia taking clozapine and sodium\n                    valproate","volume":"261","author":"F Behdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.13323","article-title":"Adjunctive berberine reduces antipsychotic-associated weight gain and metabolic\n                    syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"M Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.029","article-title":"Safety of the omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in psychiatric\n                    patients: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"161","author":"R Emsley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382001","article-title":"Saffron aqueous extract prevents metabolic syndrome in patients with\n                    schizophrenia on olanzapine treatment: A randomized triple blind placebo\n                    controlled study","volume":"47","author":"F Fadai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac044","article-title":"Probiotics plus dietary fiber supplements attenuate olanzapine-induced weight\n                    gain in drug-na\u00efve first-episode schizophrenia patients: Two randomized clinical\n                    trials","volume":"48","author":"J Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"12","article-title":"Role of ascorbic acid supplementation on prevention of olanzapine induced\n                    metabolic side effects in schizophrenic patients","volume":"2","author":"S Ingole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health Res Dev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31816777f7","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of alpha-lipoic acid treatment of antipsychotic\n                    drug-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"E Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.11.027","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in chronic schizophrenia patients treated with\n                    clozapine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"A Krivoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115111","article-title":"Oral administration of processed Cassia obtusifolia L. seed powder May reduce\n                    body weight and cholesterol in overweight patients with schizophrenia: A 36-week\n                    randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of high and low doses","volume":"292","author":"J-Y Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113899","article-title":"The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in\n                    patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled\n                    clinical trial","volume":"300","author":"M Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001639","article-title":"\u03b1-Lipoic acid as adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia: A randomized\n                    double-blind study","volume":"43","author":"D N De Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.02.013","article-title":"Melatonin for prevention of metabolic side-effects of olanzapine in patients\n                    with first-episode schizophrenia: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled\n                    study","volume":"53","author":"A Modabbernia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.02.012","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids reduce cardiometabolic risk in first-episode schizophrenia\n                    patients treated with antipsychotics: Findings from the OFFER randomized\n                    controlled study","volume":"230","author":"T Pawe\u0142czyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06061-y","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic supplementation on the components of metabolic syndrome in\n                    patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled\n                    trial","volume":"24","author":"P Basafa-Roodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.18502\/ijps.v18i3.13015","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of barberry root (Berberis Vulgaris) on the prevention\n                    of metabolic syndrome caused by atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with\n                    schizophrenia: A three-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"H Rostami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5103046","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5103046","article-title":"A placebo-controlled study on the treatment of\n                    metabolic syndrome of qi stagnation and dampness obstruction related to atypical\n                    antipsychotics with Traditional Chinese Medicine\n                    (TCM)","volume":"2020","author":"F Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary Altern.\n                    Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5136-9","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic syndrome in patients with\n                    schizophrenia: A 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"236","author":"F Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05866-z","article-title":"Effect of Bifidobacterium on olanzapine-induced body weight and appetite changes\n                    in patients with psychosis","volume":"238","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.202009_29(3).0009","article-title":"Beneficial effects of konjac powder on lipid profile in schizophrenia with\n                    dyslipidemia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"L Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8020073","article-title":"Resveratrol supplementation in schizophrenia patients: A randomized clinical\n                    trial evaluating serum glucose and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"8","author":"K Zortea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11110742","article-title":"Effect of n-3 (Omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on metabolic\n                    and inflammatory biomarkers and body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes\n                    mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"11","author":"L Khalili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v11.i10.696","article-title":"Metabolic disturbances associated with antipsychotic drug treatment in patients\n                    with schizophrenia: State-of-the-art and future perspectives","volume":"11","author":"S-C Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142652","article-title":"Does fish oil have an anti-obesity effect in\n                    overweight\/obese adults? a meta-analysis of randomized controlled\n                    trials","volume":"10","author":"S Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113003108","article-title":"Preliminary meta-analysis of the effect of fish oil on body weight and body mass\n                    index in overweight and obese subjects does not support a link","volume":"72","author":"C J Harden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2013.10.004","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation had no effect on body\n                    weight but reduced energy intake in overweight and obese women","volume":"34","author":"C J Harden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.03992","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on weight loss and cognitive\n                    function in overweight or obese individuals on weight-loss diet","volume":"39","author":"H B Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12528","article-title":"Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) as a supplementation for weight loss: Results from a\n                    meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"18","author":"S Kucukgoncu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13303","article-title":"Effects of oral \u03b1-lipoic acid administration on body weight in overweight or\n                    obese subjects: A crossover randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled\n                    trial","volume":"86","author":"N Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110137","article-title":"The effect of Berberine on weight loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic\n                    review","volume":"127","author":"Z Ilyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041351","article-title":"Berberine, a herbal metabolite in the metabolic syndrome: The risk factors,\n                    course, and consequences of the disease","volume":"27","author":"A Och","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02645-y","article-title":"Nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals in the treatment of schizophrenia: A\n                    systematic review and network meta-analysis \u201cNutra NMA SCZ\u201d","volume":"30","author":"M Fornaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120981392","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements on psychopathology\n                    and metabolic parameters in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of randomized\n                    controlled trials","volume":"35","author":"K K Goh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03326-x","article-title":"Effects of Berberis vulgaris, and its active constituent berberine on cytochrome\n                    P450: A review","volume":"398","author":"P Bathaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2018.11.003","article-title":"Adverse events associated with oral administration of melatonin: A critical\n                    systematic review of clinical evidence","volume":"42","author":"H M Foley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complementary Ther Med"}],"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2869-0635.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:10:43Z","timestamp":1783984243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2869-0635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2869-0635","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}}}