{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:08:52Z","timestamp":1789600132926,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tremor disorders encompass heterogeneous syndromes with distinct clinical, electrophysiological, and pathophysiological characteristics. Parkinson's disease tremor typically presents as a unilateral 4 to 6\u2009Hz rest tremor, with re-emergent postural components or pure postural in some, driven by abnormal pallido-thalamo-cortical (PTC) oscillations and modulated by cerebellar inputs. Essential tremor is characterized by bilateral 4 to 8\u2009Hz kinetic &gt;postural tremor with regular, rhythmic EMG bursts, reflecting dysfunction within the cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) pathway. Tremor in dystonia is frequently unilateral, irregular, and position- or task-specific, 3 to 5\u2009Hz oscillations superimposed on dystonic co-contractions; the rhythmic component arises from CTC disturbances, while jerky dystonia involves PTC abnormalities. Holmes tremor is a slow (2.5\u20135\u2009Hz) proximal tremor combining rest, postural, and kinetic features, resulting from multiple brain substrates in globus pallidus internus, red nucleus, and\/or cerebellum (PTC and CTC). Understanding the underlying circuitry (or network) dysfunctions which are convergent as well as divergent across tremor syndromes can improve diagnostic accuracy and guide individualized therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2870-6059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:46:22Z","timestamp":1778193982000},"page":"509-520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neurophysiological Basis of Tremor Disorders: Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Essential Tremor, Tremor in Dystonia, and Holmes Tremor"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9757-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparna","family":"Wagle Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, United States","department":["Department of 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