{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:24:25Z","timestamp":1787095465001,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Congenital deformities of the digits can greatly impact hand function, aesthetics, and psychosocial well-being. Given the hand's crucial role in fine motor activity and social interaction, even subtle abnormalities can prompt clinical evaluation. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of five congenital digit deformities (camptodactyly, clinodactyly, brachydactyly, macrodactyly, and symphalangism), with emphasis on their clinical presentation, underlying etiologies, diagnostic evaluation, and management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2880-1112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:15:11Z","timestamp":1781219711000},"page":"244-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Congenital Digit Deformities: Camptodactyly, Clinodactyly, Brachydactyly, Macrodactyly, and Symphalangism"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Benjamin D.W.","family":"Belfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Wire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Trevino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719834654","article-title":"Surgery and conservative management of camptodactyly in pediatric patients: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"A MQ Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref2","first-page":"525","article-title":"Camptodactyly and clinodactyly\u2014new understanding of known deformities","volume":"60","author":"M Mato\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin Croat"},{"issue":"99","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197403000-00019","article-title":"An overview on new procedures in surgery of the hand","author":"K GMD Jones","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2015.01.011","article-title":"Management of complications of congenital hand disorders","volume":"31","author":"G C Comer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196850060-00010","article-title":"Camptodactyly and simialr atraumatic flexion deformities of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. A study of thirty-one cases","volume":"50","author":"R J Smith","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7504-1_16","volume-title":"Camptodactyly and clinodactyly","author":"R Tse","year":"2015"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000218977.46520.55","article-title":"Camptodactyly as a spectrum of congenital deficiencies: a treatment algorithm based on clinical examination","volume":"117","author":"G Foucher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e317","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000967","article-title":"Early results of surgical management of camptodactyly","volume":"37","author":"B T Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","first-page":"20","article-title":"[Camptodactyly: classification and therapeutic results. Apropos of a series of 50 cases]","volume":"13","author":"D Goffin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Chir Main Memb Super"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2017.00759","article-title":"Camptodactyly: an unsolved area of plastic surgery","volume":"45","author":"V Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(77)80072-5","article-title":"Camptodactyly: an analysis of sixty-six patients and twenty-four operations","volume":"2","author":"W D Engber","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","first-page":"168","article-title":"Correction of camptodactyly. Preliminary results of extensor indicis transfer","volume":"15","author":"A Gupta","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(92)90197-A","article-title":"Long-standing extended dynamic splintage and release of an abnormal restraining structure in camptodactyly","volume":"17","author":"T Miura","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(83)80120-8","article-title":"Anomalies of the intrinsic muscles in camptodactyly","volume":"8","author":"R M McFarlane","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90110-B","article-title":"The anatomy and treatment of camptodactyly of the small finger","volume":"17","author":"R M McFarlane","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199414060-00024","article-title":"Camptodactyly: classification and results of nonoperative treatment","volume":"14","author":"L S Benson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050966","article-title":"Camptodactyly: from embryological basis to surgical treatment","volume":"59","author":"J Kloc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Camptodactyly and clinodactyly","author":"E A Miller","year":"2021"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90391-F","article-title":"Congenital attenuation of the extensor tendon central slip","volume":"18","author":"R S Carneiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2017.12.013","article-title":"Treating congenital proximal interphalangeal joint contracture","volume":"34","author":"S M Yannascoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56070323","article-title":"Dupuytren's contracture: incidence of injury-induced cases and specific clinical expression","volume":"56","author":"G Samul\u0117nas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/37132","article-title":"Treatment of camptodactyly using injection of botulinum neurotoxin","volume":"23","author":"M Urban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.07.032","article-title":"Effect of passive stretching on simple camptodactyly in children younger than three years of age","volume":"35","author":"S H Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref24","first-page":"e564","article-title":"Conservative treatment of camptodactyly with use of orthoses: a retrospective cohort","volume":"59","author":"M DCS Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80112-0","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of camptodactyly","volume":"12","author":"M Hori","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.03.023","article-title":"Camptodactyly treatment for the lesser digits","volume":"43","author":"L B Wall","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-013-9497-6","article-title":"Multidigit camptodactyly of the hands and feet: a case study","volume":"8","author":"K L Hamilton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref28","first-page":"134","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment for camptodactyly: retrospective analysis on 40 fingers","volume":"49","author":"S F Almeida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-4958.141103","article-title":"Absent flexor digitorum profundus (FDP): an unreported component of camptodactyly","volume":"28","author":"R Santosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Soc"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.01.020","article-title":"Aggressive paediatric camptodactyly: the evolution of a proposed treatment algorithm","volume":"75","author":"B H Miranda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681_90_90122-K","article-title":"Management of simple camptodactyly","volume":"15","author":"J J Siegert","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000958","article-title":"Evaluation of a stepwise surgical approach to camptodactyly","volume":"135","author":"K LMD Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1443","volume-title":"Camptodactyly","author":"S Kozin","year":"2011","edition":"6th ed."},{"issue":"05","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.01.007","article-title":"Closing wedge osteotomy of abnormal middle phalanx for clinodactyly","volume":"34","author":"M Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref35","first-page":"70","article-title":"The inheritance of the radially curved little finger","volume":"15","author":"P Dutta","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Genet Stat Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.46B2.226","article-title":"Delta phalanx","volume":"46","author":"G B Jones","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref37","first-page":"257","article-title":"On the inheritance and development of clinodactyly","volume":"5","author":"A H Hersh","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2018.12.002","article-title":"Physiolysis for correction of clinodactyly with delta phalanx: early improvement","volume":"38","author":"L El Sayed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54610-5_27","volume-title":"Clinodactyly","author":"G M Rayan","year":"2014"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231194674","article-title":"Spontaneous improvement of bilateral clinodactyly of the little finger with trapezoidal phalanx: a case report with a 15-year follow-up","volume":"49","author":"F Teodonno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref41","first-page":"e0271734","article-title":"Bent pinkies: quantifying fifth finger clinodactyly in a sample of U.S. adults","volume":"17","author":"M K Lee","year":"2022"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-968X(79)80049-2","article-title":"Clinodactyly. A review of a series of cases","volume":"11","author":"F Burke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref43","volume-title":"Congenital anomalies of the hand and forearm","author":"J Upton","year":"1990"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e3181d44078","article-title":"Surgical correction of clinodactyly: two straightforward techniques","volume":"14","author":"N L Strauss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Camptodactyly and clinodactyly","author":"W Cooney","year":"1991"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.03.003","article-title":"Osteotomy for clinodactyly","volume":"40","author":"C A Goldfarb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/BTO.0000000000000358","article-title":"Clinodactyly","volume":"34","author":"A Amy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech Orthop"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944719827999","article-title":"Comparison of Vickers' physiolysis with osteotomy for primary correction of clinodactyly","volume":"15","author":"J A Gillis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318047c0c3","article-title":"Congenital sporadic clinodactyly of the index finger","volume":"59","author":"M MM Al-Qattan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681_87_90184-7","article-title":"Clinodactyly of the little finger: a simple operative technique for reversal of the growth abnormality","volume":"12","author":"D Vickers","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2002.33702","article-title":"Physiolysis for correction of clinodactyly in children","volume":"27","author":"L Caouette-Laberge","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2016.02.006","article-title":"Correction of clinodactyly by early physiolysis: 6-year results","volume":"41","author":"J A Medina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-141","article-title":"Brachydactyly E: isolated or as a feature of a syndrome","volume":"8","author":"A Pereda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e099166","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099166","article-title":"Epidemiology of brachydactyly type A3 in China: a nationwide multicentre population-based study among children aged 3-17 years","volume":"15","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-3-15","article-title":"Brachydactyly","volume":"3","author":"S A Temtamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref56","first-page":"i","article-title":"The genetics of hand malformations","volume":"14","author":"S A Temtamy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2012007344","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-007344","article-title":"Fetal warfarin syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"L D Starling","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934221106968","article-title":"Aesthetic correction of short nail deformity in congenital brachydactyly Type D by distraction lengthening","volume":"47","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717736859","article-title":"Metacarpal lengthening in adults with brachymetacarpia","volume":"14","author":"A Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref61","first-page":"242","article-title":"Metacarpal lengthening by distraction osteogenesis in childhood brachydactyly","volume":"67","author":"H Arslan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181f77a9b","article-title":"Nonincisional osteotomy for gradual lengthening by callus distraction in the hand and foot","volume":"67","author":"J Arata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193416669317","article-title":"Metacarpal lengthening in children: comparison of three different techniques in 15 consecutive cases","volume":"42","author":"C Dana","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.6.200087","article-title":"Brachymetacarpia and brachymetatarsia: do we need to operate?","volume":"6","author":"S Barik","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.03.002","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 90 macrodactyly cases","volume":"45","author":"J Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref66","first-page":"753","article-title":"Macrodactyly","volume":"11","author":"K Gi\u017cewska-Kacprzak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.08.095","article-title":"Presentation and treatment of macrodactyly in children","volume":"38","author":"F Cerrato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.06.059","article-title":"Congenital difference of the hand and foot: pediatric macrodactyly","volume":"75","author":"X F Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds440","article-title":"Somatic gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CA in patients with macrodactyly","volume":"22","author":"J J Rios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54610-5","volume-title":"Congenital Hand Anomalies and Associated Syndromes","author":"G M Rayan","year":"2014"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36836","article-title":"PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS): diagnostic and testing eligibility criteria, differential diagnosis, and evaluation","volume":"167A","author":"K M Keppler-Noreuil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.08.003","article-title":"Cancer-associated PIK3CA mutations in overgrowth disorders","volume":"24","author":"R R Madsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6326","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of isolated macrodactyly","volume":"33","author":"A Y\u00fcksel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2021.07.008","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of currently used treatment modalities in the treatment of patients with PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum","volume":"10","author":"S M Bernhard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193418796441","article-title":"Macrodactyly: decision-making and surgery timing","volume":"44","author":"M Ezaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193411402146","article-title":"Keloid formation after syndactyly release in patients with associated macrodactyly: management with methotrexate therapy","volume":"36","author":"S K Tolerton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2017.04.008","article-title":"Mobilization of joints of the hand with symphalangism","volume":"33","author":"G H Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681_86_90159-2","article-title":"Congenital anomalies of the upper limb among the Japanese in Sapporo","volume":"11","author":"T Ogino","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Hand Surg [Br]"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2012.4.1.58","article-title":"Classification and surgical treatment of symphalangism in interphalangeal joints of the hand","volume":"4","author":"G H Baek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/MCD.0000000000000427","article-title":"A familial case of NOG -related symphalangism spectrum disorder due to a novel NOG variant","volume":"31","author":"G Parmeggiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Dysmorphol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41439-023-00236-x","article-title":"Identification of a novel nonsense NOG mutation in a patient with stapes ankylosis and symphalangism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"T Sonoyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Genome Var"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres15050130","article-title":"A novel clinical feature in NOG gene mutation-associated syndrome","volume":"15","author":"M Zrno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Audiology Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0072-968X(75)90055-8","article-title":"Rigid digits or symphalangism","volume":"7","author":"A E Flatt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Hand"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2880-1112.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T22:34:55Z","timestamp":1787092495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2880-1112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2880-1112","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-2188","1536-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-2188","type":"print"},{"value":"1536-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]}}}