{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:24:25Z","timestamp":1787095465217,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Polydactyly of the hand is among the most common congenital anomalies of the upper extremity and encompasses a broad range of anatomic and functional presentations. It is characterized by a duplicated digit, which may occur as an isolated finding or in association with genetic syndromes. Based on the location and characteristics of the duplication, polydactyly is commonly classified as preaxial, postaxial, or central. Proper evaluation requires an understanding of limb embryology, genetic influences, and classification systems, as these factors directly inform surgical planning. Treatment strategies can range from simple excision of rudimentary digits to complex reconstruction aimed at restoring stability, alignment, mobility, and appearance. This chapter focuses on hand polydactyly, reviewing its embryologic and genetic foundations, classification systems, and approaches to surgical management. Emphasis is placed on technique selection, timing of intervention, and considerations that influence functional and aesthetic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2880-1171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T22:55:59Z","timestamp":1781045759000},"page":"210-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Polydactyly"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Julian J.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vamsi C.","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel P.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Appel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"50","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32060","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032060","article-title":"A review of polydactyly and its inheritance: Connecting the dots","volume":"101","author":"D K Bubshait","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00447","article-title":"Clinical genetics of polydactyly: An updated review","volume":"9","author":"M Umair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1593736","article-title":"The duplicated thumb: A review","volume":"30","author":"R D Van Wyhe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1777096","article-title":"Common pediatric hand anomalies","volume":"37","author":"J H McCarter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09644-w","article-title":"Evaluation and management of preaxial polydactyly","volume":"13","author":"B H Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"issue":"195","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198505000-00004","article-title":"Management of thumb duplication","author":"J H Dobyns","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80366-2","article-title":"Long-term results of surgical treatment of thumb polydactyly","volume":"21","author":"T Ogino","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365050-00002","article-title":"Duplication of the thumb. 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