{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:09:39Z","timestamp":1780614579698,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Care Innovation and Community Improvement Program at The Ohio State University"},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Perinatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined the association between fetal sex and the risk of maternal prediabetes or diabetes 10 to 14 years after delivery. Secondarily, we assessed whether this association varied by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) status and whether measures of maternal insulin sensitivity and resistance varied by fetal sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This is a secondary analysis from the prospective, international Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-Up Study (HAPO FUS). The exposure was assigned fetal sex at birth (female as the reference). The primary outcome was prediabetes or diabetes assessed 10 to 14 years after the index pregnancy. The effect modifier was GDM per the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria. Modified Poisson regression models were used and adjusted for baseline covariates at enrollment and time from enrollment to follow-up. We secondarily assessed whether the association between fetal sex and prediabetes or diabetes varied by GDM and whether maternal insulin sensitivity at pregnancy enrollment and insulin resistance at 10- to 14-year follow-up differed by fetal sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Of 4,609 individuals in the analytic sample, 48.9% of infants were assigned female sex at birth, which was 47.1% with GDM and 49.2% without GDM (p\u2009=\u20090.3). At a median of 11.6 years after delivery, 22.4% postpartum individuals developed prediabetes, and 2.9% developed diabetes. The risk of prediabetes or diabetes did not differ by fetal sex (female vs. male: 24.7 vs. 24.6%; adjusted risk ratio: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.12). This association was similar regardless of GDM status (interaction p\u2009=\u20090.6). There was no association between fetal sex and insulin sensitivity at enrollment or insulin resistance at follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In the prospective HAPO FUS cohort, there was no association between fetal sex and the risk of maternal prediabetes or diabetes 10 to 14 years after delivery. Further research is needed to better understand the possible impact of fetal sex on peripartum glucose homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2884-8662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:10:21Z","timestamp":1780096221000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is Fetal Sex Associated with Maternal Diabetes 10 to 14 Years after Delivery?"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8206-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University OSUMC, Ohio, United States","place":["Columbus"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University OSUMC, Ohio, United States","place":["Columbus"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Scholtens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Illinois, United States","place":["Evanston"],"department":["Department of Preventive Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, Illinois, United States","place":["Evanston"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0339-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jami","family":"Josefson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Illinois, United States","place":["Chicago"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Grobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Rhode Island, United States","place":["Providence"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8043-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik K.","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University OSUMC, Ohio, United States","place":["Columbus"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2551","article-title":"Fetal sex and maternal risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: The impact of having a boy","volume":"38","author":"R Retnakaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3726-1","article-title":"Sex of the baby and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in the mother: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"D Jaskolka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12989","article-title":"Sex of the baby and future maternal risk of Type 2 diabetes in women who had gestational diabetes","volume":"33","author":"R Retnakaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1763","article-title":"Fetal sex and the natural history of maternal risk of diabetes during and after pregnancy","volume":"100","author":"R Retnakaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2021","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): maternal glycemia and childhood glucose metabolism","volume":"42","author":"D M Scholtens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1463","article-title":"Estimates of insulin sensitivity using glucose and C-peptide from the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome glucose tolerance test","volume":"33","author":"T Radaelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12562","article-title":"Female fetus is associated with greater maternal insulin resistance in pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"L Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2884-8662.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:35:37Z","timestamp":1780612537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2884-8662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":7,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2884-8662","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-1631","1098-8785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-1631","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]}}}