{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T23:24:10Z","timestamp":1787095450739,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Congenital forearm and wrist deformities, including Madelung's deformity, congenital radial head dislocation, and proximal radioulnar synostosis, present reconstructive challenges for upper extremity surgeons. While etiologically distinct, these developmental anomalies disrupt forearm rotation, elbow stability, and aesthetic appearance. This review examines the natural histories and management strategies necessary to restore form and function in pediatric patients. Madelung's deformity, characterized by distal radial physeal growth arrest and a tethering Vickers ligament, requires corrective osteotomies to address progressive pain and deformity. Congenital radial head dislocation necessitates radiographic evaluation to distinguish it from acquired trauma and is managed conservatively. Proximal radioulnar synostosis causes functional restrictions requiring derotational osteotomies in symptomatic patients. Precise anatomical understanding and individualized clinical judgment are essential to restore joint kinematics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2886-1508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:15:11Z","timestamp":1781219711000},"page":"237-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Congenital Forearm Deformities: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Lance R.","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.W.","family":"Belfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel H.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"06","key":"ref1","first-page":"372","article-title":"Madelung deformity","volume":"21","author":"A C Ghatan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.03.033","article-title":"Madelung deformity","volume":"40","author":"S H Kozin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Surg 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