{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:33Z","timestamp":1787009073952,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F-12600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F-12600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Johan Selmer Kvanes&apos;s legacy","award":["SAK2022004237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAK2022004237"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Symptoms related to gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, which can involve gallbladder, are prevalent in patients with diabetes. We hypothesize that diabetes duration may impact gallbladder volume and motility. This study aims to explore relationships between gallbladder volume parameters and diabetes duration in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with non-diabetic controls. Autonomic neuropathy will also be explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this cross-sectional observational case\u2013control study, matched individuals with longstanding type 2 diabetes, early type 2 diabetes, and non-diabetic controls were included. Gallbladder motility was investigated by gallbladder volume changes measured by three-dimensional ultrasound. Gallbladder volumes were collected at predefined time intervals before and after an intake of a standardized high-fat meal. Autonomic neuropathy was evaluated by cardiovascular (Vagus) and sudomotor (Sudoscan) testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Sixty-one adults were included in the final analysis, of which 18 adults had longstanding type 2 diabetes, 15 adults had early type 2 diabetes, and 28 adults were non-diabetic controls. Subjects with longstanding type 2 diabetes had significantly higher fasting gallbladder volume and ejection volume compared to the controls (p=0.020 and p=0.019, respectively). No other significant differences in gallbladder motility were observed. Only five participants had autonomic neuropathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Specific gallbladder volumes and motility parameters were associated with diabetes duration. Associations between gallbladder motility and autonomic neuropathy could not be analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2886-2833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:57:22Z","timestamp":1780527442000},"page":"264-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Gallbladder Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Using Three-Dimensional Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7724-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e6raneh","family":"Jouleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology"]},{"name":"University of Bergen, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Clinical Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid Kv\u00e5le","family":"Nordaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spiros","family":"Kotopoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology"]},{"name":"University of Bergen, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Clinical Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg Gjorgji","family":"Dimcevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Clinical Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erling","family":"Tjora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Pediatric Department"]},{"name":"University of Bergen, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Clinical Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sondre Vatne","family":"Meling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stavanger University Hospital, Norway","place":["Stavanger"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odd Helge","family":"Gilja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology"]},{"name":"University of Bergen, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Clinical Medicine"]},{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirik Wigtil","family":"S\u00f8fteland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bergen, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Clinical Science"]},{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital, Norway","place":["Bergen"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817666210322154618","article-title":"Diabetic gastroenteropathy: soothe the symptoms or unravel a cure?","volume":"18","author":"S Meling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1536","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes: prevalence, assessment, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"41","author":"Y T Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750024317","article-title":"Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in a U.S. national sample of adults with diabetes","volume":"35","author":"J A Ricci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9610(05)80160-6","article-title":"Gallbladder emptying after antiulcer gastric surgery","volume":"168","author":"G Pechlivanides","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02063946","article-title":"Effect of endogenous cholecystokinin on postprandial gallbladder refilling. 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