{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:26:53Z","timestamp":1786577213853,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"08","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare recurrence, survival, morbidity, and quality of life in early-stage vulvar cancer patients with tumour-free lymph nodes undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) versus inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 74 vulvar cancer patients (SNB: n\u00a0=\u00a058; IFL: n\u00a0=\u00a016) with a tumour size of &lt;\u00a04\u00a0cm and tumour-free lymph nodes were included. Endpoints were overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). DFS was further divided into local, inguinal, or distant recurrence. Additionally, morbidity and quality of life were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>No significant differences in survival outcomes were observed after a median follow-up of 58.0 months for OS, 59.1 months for DSS, and 40.0 months for DFS. Inguinal recurrences occurred in two patients in the SNB group (3.77%) and in none of the patients in the IFL group (0%). However, DFS related to isolated inguinal recurrence did not differ significantly between the groups (96.2% vs. 100%, p\u00a0=\u00a00.374). Complications were less frequent following SNB, with a significant difference observed only for lymphocele formation (13.8% vs. 50%; p\u00a0=\u00a00.02). Quality of life scores did not differ significantly between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study confirms SNB as an oncologically safe procedure. Although inguinal recurrences were slightly more frequent after SNB, there was no significant difference in DSS, DFS, or OS. Lymphocele was significantly more common after IFL, without impacting self-reported quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2893-8951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T22:50:06Z","timestamp":1784242206000},"page":"746-753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-Term Outcomes, Morbidity and Quality of Life in Node-Negative Early-Stage Vulvar Cancer: Sentinel Node Biopsy versus Inguinofemoral Lymphadenectomy"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tanskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cologne-Kalk Hospital, Germany","place":["Cologne"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Lampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florence Nightingale Hospital, Germany","place":["D\u00fcsseldorf"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mallmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany","place":["Cologne"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabinshy","family":"Thangarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Medicine, Germany","place":["Essen"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierce","family":"Heiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany","place":["Cologne"],"department":["Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk M.","family":"Forner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cologne-Kalk Hospital, Germany","place":["Cologne"],"department":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Cancer in Germany for 2021\u20132023","author":"Robert Koch Institute (ed.)","year":"2025","edition":"15"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077960","article-title":"Influence of stage and age on survival of patients with vulvar cancer in Germany: a retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"LC Mack","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.41.2528","article-title":"Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in women with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a gynecologic oncology group study","volume":"30","author":"CF Levenback","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.0566","article-title":"Sentinel node dissection is safe in the treatment of early-stage vulvar cancer","volume":"26","author":"AG Van der Zee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5687-0","article-title":"Outcome After Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection in Vulvar Cancer: A Subgroup Analysis of the AGO-CaRE-1 Study","volume":"24","author":"R Klapdor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"408","article-title":"Management of regional lymph nodes and their prognostic influence in vulvar cancer","volume":"61","author":"NF Hacker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1438.2006.00387.x","article-title":"Prediction of lymph node metastases in vulvar cancer: a review","volume":"16","author":"MH Oonk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.09.077","article-title":"Sentinel nodes in vulvar cancer: Long-term follow-up of the GROningen INternational Study on Sentinel nodes in Vulvar cancer (GROINSS-V) I","volume":"140","author":"NC Te Grootenhuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2017.11.006","article-title":"Prognostic factors for local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: A systematic review","volume":"148","author":"NC Te Grootenhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13431","article-title":"Long-term oncological outcomes of patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes in vulvar cancer. Comparative study with conventional lymphadenectomy","volume":"97","author":"A Rodr\u00edguez-Trujillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-016-2135-2","article-title":"Trends in surgery and outcomes of squamous cell vulvar cancer patients over a 16-year period (1998\u20132013): a population-based analysis","volume":"142","author":"M Rottmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.24044","article-title":"Trends and Outcomes of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early-Stage Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study","volume":"9","author":"J Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.02.006","article-title":"Complications and risk factors in vulvar cancer surgery\u2013A population-based study","volume":"48","author":"C Rahm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.12.006","article-title":"A comparison of quality of life between vulvar cancer patients after sentinel lymph node procedure only and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy","volume":"113","author":"MH Oonk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.10.024","article-title":"Recurrence and survival rates in node-negative patients after sentinel node biopsy for early-stage vulvar cancer \u2013 A nationwide study","volume":"156","author":"LP Froeding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.15.2811","article-title":"The sentinel lymph node procedure is highly accurate in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva","volume":"18","author":"JA de Hullu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(79)90119-4","article-title":"An alternate approach to early cancer of the vulva","volume":"133","author":"PJ DiSaia","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000125","article-title":"Lymph node count at inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy and groin recurrences in vulvar cancer","volume":"24","author":"HJ van Beekhuizen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2018.01.007","article-title":"Reliability and validity of SF-12v2 among adults with self-reported cancer","volume":"14","author":"NR Bhandari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000860","article-title":"Groin Recurrences in Node-Negative Vulvar Cancer Patients After Sole Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection","volume":"27","author":"R Klapdor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1995.1151","article-title":"The importance of the groin node status for the survival of T1 and T2 vulval carcinoma patients","volume":"57","author":"MP Burger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.205","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node biopsy in vulval cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"C Meads","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2001.6374","article-title":"Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification with blue dye in patients with vulvar cancer","volume":"83","author":"C Levenback","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.01.030","article-title":"Successful centralisation of patients with vulvar carcinoma: a population-based study in The Netherlands","volume":"48","author":"LC Van den Einden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.407","article-title":"Risk factors for short- and long-term complications after groin surgery for vulvar cancer","volume":"105","author":"F Hinten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000101","article-title":"Quality of life after complete lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer: do women prefer sentinel lymph node biopsy?","volume":"24","author":"R Farrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000313","article-title":"A prospective study in the evaluation of quality of life after vulvar cancer surgery","volume":"25","author":"M Novackova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"}],"container-title":["Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2893-8951.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T22:32:48Z","timestamp":1786573968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2893-8951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"08","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2893-8951","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0016-5751","1438-8804"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0016-5751","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-8804","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]}}}