{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:03:00Z","timestamp":1789772580486,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin intervent Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Percutaneous thermal ablation has become an effective, minimally invasive alternative to surgery for managing symptomatic, benign thyroid nodules, providing significant symptom improvement and nodule volume reduction with low rates of complication. Large nodules, typically defined as those exceeding 20\u2009mL, present distinct technical challenges due to their size and proximity to critical structures. Prior studies have shown that percutaneous thermal ablation produces substantial clinical improvement in this subgroup, with 12-month volume-reduction ratios approaching 80 to 90% and continued regression over long-term follow-up. Predictors of favorable response include smaller initial volume, mixed or cystic composition, and the application of staged treatment or marginal-vessel ablation techniques to overcome heat-sink effects. Complications remain uncommon, although large nodules demonstrate a slightly higher risk of nodule rupture, which may present many weeks postprocedure. Transient neuropraxia, hematoma, and procedure-related pain are generally self-limited and mitigated through careful procedural planning and utilizing a \u201cmoving-shot\u201d technique. For patients with multinodular goiter or very large nodules not amenable to percutaneous ablation, thyroid artery embolization has emerged as an additional organ-preserving option with encouraging early outcomes. Overall, thermal ablation, when performed by experienced operators, offers a safe, effective, thyroid-sparing therapy for patients with large benign thyroid nodules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2901-2130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:22:07Z","timestamp":1783380127000},"page":"067-072","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tackling Percutaneous Ablation of Large Benign Thyroid Nodules: Review of Technical Considerations, Outcomes, and Complications"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4498-4094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynden","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Medical Center, California, United States","place":["Los Angeles"],"department":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0806-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Douek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCLA Medical Center, California, United States","place":["Los Angeles"],"department":["Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4398-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, California, United States","place":["Los Angeles"],"department":["Department of Interventional Radiology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113977","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1113977","article-title":"Thyroid nodules: global, economic, and personal burdens","volume":"14","author":"N Uppal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-01900-5","article-title":"Comparison of stress response following microwave ablation and surgical resection of benign thyroid nodules","volume":"65","author":"S Y Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2023.0281","article-title":"General principles for the safe performance, training, and adoption of ablation techniques for benign thyroid nodules: an American Thyroid Association Statement","volume":"33","author":"C F Sinclair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2025.109763","article-title":"A prospective comparison of sequential versus interval retreatment with radiofrequency ablation for predominantly solid, large-volume benign thyroid nodules","volume":"189","author":"M HM Fung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45926-2","article-title":"Heat sink effects in thyroid bipolar radiofrequency ablation: an ex vivo study","volume":"13","author":"K Klimek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565000","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.565000","article-title":"The ablation of thyroid nodule's afferent arteries before radiofrequency ablation: preliminary data","volume":"11","author":"C Offi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232162","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232162","article-title":"Microwave versus radiofrequency ablation in treating predominantly solid benign thyroid nodules: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"313","author":"S Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.11.027","article-title":"Comparative long-term outcomes of RFA vs. MWA for T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma in the danger triangle: a dual-center retrospective study","volume":"33","author":"D L Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2023.05.030","article-title":"Comparison of the efficiency of radiofrequency and microwave ablation methods in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules","volume":"30","author":"M N Cerit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902484","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.902484","article-title":"Significance of radiofrequency ablation in large solid benign thyroid nodules","volume":"13","author":"Y Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2023.1004","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation in the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"H Zufry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2024.0082","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules: 10-year experience","volume":"34","author":"S I Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6852","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-10614-w","article-title":"Efficacy of microwave ablation in the treatment of large benign thyroid nodules: a multi-center study","volume":"34","author":"Y C Cang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26842","article-title":"Microwave ablation of benign thyroid nodules: 3-year follow-up outcomes","volume":"43","author":"F Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01593-9","article-title":"Efficacy on radiofrequency ablation according to the types of benign thyroid nodules","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref16","first-page":"920","article-title":"Safety of radiofrequency ablation of benign thyroid nodules and recurrent thyroid cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"S R Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.21037\/gs-22-539","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of thyroid nodules: a clinical review of treatment complications","volume":"13","author":"P P Issa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gland Surg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439536","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2024.2439536","article-title":"Thyroid nodule rupture after thermal ablation for benign thyroid nodules: incidence, risk factors, and clinical management","volume":"42","author":"Y T Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2024.1400","article-title":"Thyroid nodule rupture following radiofrequency ablation for benign thyroid nodules","volume":"150","author":"J Austerlitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2021.06.025","article-title":"Thyroid embolization for nonsurgical treatment of nodular goiter: a single-center experience in 56 consecutive patients","volume":"32","author":"S Yilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405705","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1405705","article-title":"Current role of interventional radiology in thyroid nodules","volume":"15","author":"O Taydas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2025.26.8.2785","article-title":"Comparison of clinical outcomes of thyroid artery embolization in the treatment of thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"A Abdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11791-y","article-title":"Transarterial embolization outperforms radiofrequency ablation for thyroid goiters exceeding 100\u2009mL: a study on efficacy and safety","volume":"36","author":"Y J Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref24","first-page":"67","article-title":"Thyroid arterial embolization for the management of benign and malignant thyroid disease: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"H I Coerts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Pract Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Interventional Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2901-2130.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:43:19Z","timestamp":1789771399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2901-2130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2901-2130","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0739-9529","1098-8963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0739-9529","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}