{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T23:25:25Z","timestamp":1787354725993,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62027901, 62531004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62027901, 62531004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["M22018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M22018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence of preterm birth is reported as more than 10% in 2020 all over the world, and the disability and mortality rate are high due to incomplete development. The microvascular developments of neonates with different gestational ages (GAs) are unknown, which are related to cerebral development. This study assessed the cerebral microvascular development of preterm neonates with different GAs using the ultrafast power Doppler imaging technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Seventy neonates were enrolled, including 7 full-term (GA\u2009=\u200937 weeks) and 63 preterm neonates (ranging from extremely preterm [GA \u2264 28 weeks] to late preterm [GA\u2009=\u200936 weeks]). Quantitative metrics including microvascular area (MArea) and microvascular diameter (MDiam) were evaluated in three regions of interest (ROIs): the cingulate gyrus (ROI 1), the frontal and parietal junction (ROI 2), and a branch of the anterior cerebral artery near the central sulci (ROI 3). Electroencephalogram signals were recorded and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) was used to measure the brain activity. Statistical correlations were assessed among microvascular quantitative metrics, GA, and aEEG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>All the microvascular quantitative metrics have a statistically significant (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) positive correlation with GA and aEEG. MArea in ROI 1 has the highest correlation coefficient of 0.67 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) with GA. Similarly, MArea in ROI 1 has the highest correlation coefficient of 0.53 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) with aEEG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study showed that MArea- and MDiam-related parameters were associated with increasing GA in preterm neonates, suggesting a trend toward cerebral microvascular maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2903-9381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T22:31:31Z","timestamp":1784673091000},"page":"258-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Cerebral Microvascular Development in Preterm Neonates Using Ultrafast Power Doppler Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"57","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05761548","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2515-0315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, China","place":["Beijing"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Third Hospital, China","place":["Beijing"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyue","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, China","place":["Beijing"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University First Hospital, China","place":["Beijing"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, China","place":["Beijing"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Third Hospital, China","place":["Beijing"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongyan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Third Hospital, China","place":["Beijing"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Third Hospital, China","place":["Beijing"],"department":["Department of Pediatrics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, China","place":["Beijing"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Born too soon: decade of action on preterm birth","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2547","article-title":"Medical staff guidelines for periviability pregnancy counseling and medical treatment of extremely premature infants","volume":"117","author":"J W Kaempf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2","article-title":"Born too soon: the global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births","volume":"10","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.03.010","article-title":"Outcomes in preterm infants","volume":"128","author":"M J Platt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3282f88bb4","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants","volume":"21","author":"M C Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals","volume":"6","author":"J Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref7","first-page":"488","article-title":"The cost of prematurity: quantification by gestational age and birth weight","volume":"102","author":"W M Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00966.2005","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling in the normal brain and in hypertension, stroke, and Alzheimer disease","volume":"100","author":"H Girouard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease","volume":"96","author":"C Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.12.034","article-title":"Heterogeneous increases of regional cerebral blood flow during preterm brain development: preliminary assessment with pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeled perfusion MRI","volume":"147","author":"M Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2022.3158611","article-title":"Improved ultrafast power Doppler imaging by using spatiotemporal non-local means filtering","volume":"69","author":"L Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2798158","article-title":"ASAP: super-contrast vasculature imaging using coherence analysis and high frame-rate contrast enhanced ultrasound","volume":"37","author":"A Stanziola","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2605819","article-title":"Ultrasound small vessel imaging with block-wise adaptive local clutter filtering","volume":"36","author":"P Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2023.3297571","article-title":"Improved ultrafast power Doppler imaging using united spatial-angular adaptive scaling wiener postfilter","volume":"70","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25197","article-title":"Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: a consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia","volume":"73","author":"D C Alsop","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.04.054","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy in neurocritical care: a review of recent updates","volume":"151","author":"D Viderman","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref17","first-page":"20","article-title":"A new era in diagnostic ultrasound, superb microvascular imaging: preliminary results in pediatric hepato-gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"27","author":"Y Ohno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15781","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid flow detection in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus with novel microvascular imaging modality","volume":"41","author":"M Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.19033","article-title":"Comparison of MicroFlow imaging with color and power Doppler imaging for detecting and characterizing blood flow signals in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"J S Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15531","article-title":"Characterization of placental microvascular architecture by MV-Flow imaging in normal and fetal growth\u2013restricted pregnancies","volume":"40","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5743-1","article-title":"Microvessel ultrasound of neonatal brain parenchyma: feasibility, reproducibility, and normal imaging features by superb microvascular imaging (SMI)","volume":"29","author":"K Goeral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2018.2789499","article-title":"Adaptive spatiotemporal SVD clutter filtering for ultrafast Doppler imaging using similarity of spatial singular vectors","volume":"37","author":"J Baranger","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02634-w","article-title":"Cerebral superb microvascular imaging in preterm neonates: in vivo evaluation of thalamic, striatal, and extrastriatal angioarchitecture","volume":"63","author":"A Barletta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"1133","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20211051","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20211051","article-title":"Current understanding and future potential applications of cerebral microvascular imaging in infants","volume":"95","author":"M Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.49","article-title":"Ultrafast Doppler reveals the mapping of cerebral vascular resistivity in neonates","volume":"34","author":"C Demen\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2025.3573143","article-title":"Microvascular ultrasound imaging in the neonatal brain: from advanced Doppler to super-resolution","volume":"72","author":"L May Davis","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.855","article-title":"Cerebral function monitoring: a new scoring system for the evaluation of brain maturation in neonates","volume":"112","author":"V F Burdjalov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref29","first-page":"647","article-title":"Multimodal assessment of cerebral perfusion and EEG maturation in preterm infants at term-equivalent age","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"49","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.045","article-title":"Preterm birth: case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety data","volume":"34","author":"J A Quinn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-536X.1991.tb00065.x","article-title":"The Apgar score: evolution, limitations, and scoring guidelines","volume":"18","author":"H A Jepson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0781-1","article-title":"Preterm white matter injury: ultrasound diagnosis and classification","volume":"87","author":"T Agut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2816-5","article-title":"Comparison of two common aEEG classifications for the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants","volume":"176","author":"N Bruns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2009.1067","article-title":"Coherent plane-wave compounding for very high frame rate ultrasonography and transient elastography","volume":"56","author":"G Montaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"xx","article-title":"Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering","volume":"1496","author":"R Frangi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref36","first-page":"106","article-title":"Neonatal cranial ultrasound: advanced techniques and image interpretation","volume":"16","author":"E Riedesel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70294-1","article-title":"Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances","volume":"8","author":"J J Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2020.0336","article-title":"Retinal image blood vessel extraction and quantification with Euclidean distance transform approach","volume":"14","author":"K Kipli","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.1536","article-title":"The proposal to lower P value thresholds to .005","volume":"319","author":"J PA Ioannidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050043","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219477520500431","article-title":"Investigating the brain development in newborns by information-based analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) signal","volume":"19","author":"H Namazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fluct Noise Lett"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12646","article-title":"Effect of carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow velocity in preterm infants during postnatal transition","volume":"103","author":"S Noori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44234-z","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative comparison of two semi-manual retinal vascular density analyzing methods on optical coherence tomography angiography images of healthy individuals","volume":"13","author":"O Angeli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2022.3180053","article-title":"Randomized spatial downsampling-based Cauchy-RPCA clutter filtering for high-resolution ultrafast ultrasound microvasculature imaging and functional imaging","volume":"69","author":"Y Sui","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"921303","article-title":"GPU-based block-wise nonlocal means denoising for 3D ultrasound images","volume":"2013","author":"L Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref45","first-page":"1827","article-title":"Utility of cerebral microvascular imaging in infants undergoing ECMO","volume":"9","author":"L O Tierradentro-Garcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08815-2","article-title":"Ultrasound high-definition microvasculature imaging with novel quantitative biomarkers improves breast cancer detection accuracy","volume":"32","author":"R Ternifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"}],"container-title":["Neuropediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2903-9381.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T23:04:22Z","timestamp":1787353462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2903-9381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2903-9381","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0174-304X","1439-1899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0174-304X","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]}}}