{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:02:48Z","timestamp":1784674968927,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010591","name":"Landes Tirols","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F.47888\/5-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F.47888\/5-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010591","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Post-exercise hypotension has been proposed as a promising biomarker for\n                    predicting the long-term blood pressure response to exercise training. This\n                    study assessed the reliability of post-exercise hypotension\u2014from single- and\n                    averaged-session measurements\u2014in 33 sedentary adults completing an 8-week\n                    aerobic exercise program. The resting blood pressure was measured before and\n                    after the intervention; acute post-exercise hypotension was defined as the\n                    change in blood pressure from pre-exercise to 10-minute post-exercise recovery\n                    and was measured across five separate sessions. Data were analysed using\n                    mixed-effects models. The impact of aggregating measurements on reliability and\n                    its correlation with chronic blood pressure reduction was assessed using\n                    analytical formulas and Monte Carlo resampling. The reliability of\n                    single-session post-exercise hypotension measurements was poor, with a high\n                    standard error of measurement (systolic blood pressure: 4.5 [4.0, 5.1] mm Hg and\n                    diastolic blood pressure: 4.3 [3.8, 4.9] mm Hg) and low intraclass correlation\n                    coefficients (systolic blood pressure: 0.24 [0.08, 0.29] mm Hg and diastolic\n                    blood pressure: 0.31 [0.13, 0.43] mm Hg). Reliability improved substantially\n                    when values were averaged across multiple sessions. The correlation between\n                    acute post-exercise hypotension and chronic blood pressure reduction also\n                    strengthened with averaging, albeit with diminishing returns. These findings\n                    support the potential of post-exercise hypotension as a predictive biomarker,\n                    particularly when averaged over several training sessions. The optimal number of\n                    sessions should balance statistical improvement with practical feasibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2906-7716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:17:36Z","timestamp":1783124256000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving the Assessment of Post-exercise Hypotension as a Predictor\n                    of Training Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Mazzolari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria","place":["Innsbruck"],"department":["Institute of Physiology"]},{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Austria","place":["Innsbruck"],"department":["Department of Sport Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3390-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Waikato, New Zealand","place":["Hamilton"],"department":["School of Sport and Human Movement"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8643-3971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Hecksteden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria","place":["Innsbruck"],"department":["Institute of Physiology"]},{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Austria","place":["Innsbruck"],"department":["Department of Sport Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"41","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003480","article-title":"ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for\n                    the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension:\n                    Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European\n                    Renal Association (ERA)","author":"G Mancia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"K T Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2982","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update\n                    from the GBD 2019 study","volume":"76","author":"G A Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"533","article-title":"American college of sports medicine position stand. exercise and\n                    hypertension","volume":"36","author":"L S Pescatello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004473","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.004473","article-title":"Exercise\n                    training for blood pressure: a systematic review and\n                    meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"V A Cornelissen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Heart\n                        Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030030-00004","article-title":"The role of exercise training in the treatment of hypertension: an update","volume":"30","author":"J M Hagberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000184225.05629.51","article-title":"Effects of endurance training on BP, BP-regulating mechanisms, and\n                    cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"46","author":"V A Cornelissen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31825408fb","article-title":"BP responses to acute and chronic exercise are related in prehypertension","volume":"44","author":"S Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"65","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of post-exercise hypotension in humans","volume":"29","author":"J R Halliwill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31825b6974","article-title":"Association between postexercise hypotension and long-term training-induced BP\n                    reduction: a pilot study","volume":"23","author":"A Hecksteden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-00945-w","article-title":"The blood pressure response to acute exercise predicts the ambulatory blood\n                    pressure response to exercise training in patients with resistant hypertension:\n                    results from the EnRicH trial","volume":"45","author":"S Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000537","article-title":"Acute and chronic cardiovascular response to 16 weeks of combined eccentric or\n                    traditional resistance and aerobic training in elderly hypertensive women: a\n                    randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"E S dos Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2024.2400806","article-title":"Post-exercise hypotension and recreational futsal: Effects of a 3-month\n                    intervention and association with resting blood pressure adaptations","volume":"42","author":"J Teixeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000475","article-title":"Postexercise hypotension as a predictor for long-term training-induced BP\n                    reduction: a large-scale randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"M Wegmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2011.058065","article-title":"Postexercise hypotension and sustained postexercise vasodilatation: what happens\n                    after we exercise?","volume":"98","author":"J R Halliwill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-118009","article-title":"Reproducibility (reliability and agreement) of post-exercise hypotension","volume":"38","author":"R Y Fecchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001","article-title":"Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science","volume":"30","author":"W G Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient\n                    and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"J P Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001943","article-title":"Physical activity to prevent and treat hypertension: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"L S Pescatello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-020-00421-3","article-title":"Post-exercise hypotension time-course is influenced by exercise intensity: a\n                    randomised trial comparing moderate-intensity, high-intensity, and sprint\n                    exercise","volume":"35","author":"M D Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2025.04.007","article-title":"Tailoring exercise intensity: Acute and chronic effects of constant-speed and\n                    heart rate-clamped exercise in healthy, inactive adults","volume":"28","author":"R Mazzolari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2020.1783546","article-title":"Effects of ACEi and ARB on post-exercise hypotension induced by exercises\n                    conducted at different times of day in hypertensive men","volume":"42","author":"L C de Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1108","article-title":"Sample size requirements for estimating intraclass correlations with desired\n                    precision","volume":"21","author":"D G Bonett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.8.1027","article-title":"Measuring blood pressure accurately: new and persistent challenges","volume":"289","author":"D W Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12211","article-title":"Individual differences in the exercise-mediated blood pressure response:\n                    regression to the mean in disguise?","volume":"35","author":"G Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002115","article-title":"Using the immediate blood pressure benefits of exercise to improve exercise\n                    adherence among adults with hypertension: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"A L Zaleski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00714.2014","article-title":"Individual response to exercise training \u2013 a statistical perspective","volume":"118","author":"A Hecksteden","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6739","article-title":"Mastering variation: variance components and personalised medicine","volume":"35","author":"S Senn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports 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