{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:56:51Z","timestamp":1790895411600,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","award":["U24NS141780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24NS141780"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health Sciences","award":["R01DK124351,U24NS141780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK124351,U24NS141780"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Semin Liver Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u201cThe liver is the origin of the veins and the source of the blood.\u201d\u2014De Usu Partium Galen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Galen's hepatocentric physiology foreshadowed the liver\u2013brain axis, a network linking vagal signaling, cytokines, metabolites, and migratory immune cells. Central to the immune arm of this axis, the liver generates 25 to 50% of thoracic duct lymph, positioning hepatic lymphatic output as a significant, though not yet fully characterized, source of T cells and cytokines in systemic circulation, a contribution that increases with hepatic inflammation in chronic metabolic diseases. We propose that T lymphocytes are the key cellular effectors through which inflammation originating in the liver, propagating systemically, a process we term hepatosystemic inflammation, reaches the central nervous system (CNS). In metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, hepatosystemic inflammation generates peripheral \u201cpush signals\u201d that may license T cells for CNS access, while neuroinflammatory \u201cpull signals\u201d at CNS barrier interfaces may establish permissive entry points. In conclusion, we propose that T cell licensing by hepatosystemic signals represents the immune arm of the liver\u2013brain axis and a mechanistic bridge between metabolic liver disease and neuroimmune dysfunction and associated cognitive decline, and identifies candidate therapeutic targets along this cascade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2908-1230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:02:42Z","timestamp":1783378962000},"page":"135-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MASH-Associated T Cell Activation and Neuroinflammation: Evidence for a Hepatosystemic Immune Axis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Britton S.","family":"Cartee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi P.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology"]},{"name":"Organ Pathobiology and Therapeutics Institute (OPTIn), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States"},{"name":"Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pabitra B.","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rossmiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reben","family":"Raeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology"]},{"name":"Organ Pathobiology and Therapeutics Institute (OPTIn), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States"},{"name":"Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8918-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smita S.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States","department":["Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"09","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.99","article-title":"The liver-brain axis in liver failure: neuroinflammation and encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"R F Butterworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.10.016","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response exacerbates the neuropsychological effects of induced hyperammonemia in cirrhosis","volume":"40","author":"D L Shawcross","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100485","article-title":"From NAFLD to MASLD: updated naming and diagnosis criteria for fatty liver disease","volume":"65","author":"M E Rinella","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"M E Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"N Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30672","article-title":"Defining improvement in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis for treatment trial endpoints: recommendations from the liver forum","volume":"70","author":"A Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41","article-title":"Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Q M Anstee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2454707","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54707","article-title":"Estimated burden of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in US Adults, 2020 to 2050","volume":"8","author":"P Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.064","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Z M Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1915","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most common indication for liver transplantation among the elderly: data from the United States Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"M Stepanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02721-w","article-title":"Is there an association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cognitive function? A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"E S George","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3003491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003491","article-title":"Does the liver talk to the brain? If so, how and why?","volume":"23","author":"Y H Jo","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7621","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147621","article-title":"Metabolic crosstalk between liver and brain: from diseases to mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2024.103174","article-title":"Hepatic interoception in health and disease","volume":"253","author":"H-R Berthoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00506.x","article-title":"Hepatic nervous system and neurobiology of the liver","volume":"3","author":"K J Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12492","article-title":"Mechanistic relationship between the vagal afferent pathway, central nervous system and peripheral organs in appetite regulation","volume":"7","author":"H Ueno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2170\/jjphysiol.36.827","article-title":"Neural control of blood glucose level","volume":"36","author":"A Niijima","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn J Physiol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01952646","article-title":"Effects of D-glucose anomers on afferent discharge in the hepatic vagus nerve","volume":"38","author":"T Sakaguchi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2003.12.012","article-title":"Truncal and hepatic vagotomy reduce suppression of feeding by jejunal lipid infusions","volume":"81","author":"J E Cox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(90)90170-N","article-title":"Amino acid sensors sensitive to alanine and leucine exist in the hepato-portal system in the rat","volume":"31","author":"K Tanaka","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00049","article-title":"The vagus nerve at the interface of the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"12","author":"B Bonaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G907","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.4.G907","article-title":"Vagal afferent responses to fatty acids of different chain length in the rat","volume":"281","author":"S Lal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.032","article-title":"Gut-brain glucose signaling in energy homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"M Soty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.10.1643","article-title":"Glucose sensing by the hepatoportal sensor is GLUT2-dependent: in vivo analysis in GLUT2-null mice","volume":"49","author":"R Burcelin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00185458","article-title":"An anterograde tracing study of the vagal innervation of rat liver, portal vein and biliary system","volume":"186","author":"H R Berthoud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.03.012","article-title":"Glucose sensing in the hepatic portal vein and its role in food intake and reward","volume":"16","author":"S Z Bacharach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0062-1","article-title":"The metabolic role of vagal afferent innervation","volume":"15","author":"T MZ Waise","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00215-0","article-title":"Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system","volume":"85","author":"H R Berthoud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.07.084","article-title":"A vagal-NTS neural pathway that stimulates feeding","volume":"30","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0419-20.2021","article-title":"The medullary targets of neurally conveyed sensory information from the rat hepatic portal and superior mesenteric veins","volume":"8","author":"C Garcia-Luna","year":"2021","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030908","article-title":"Central neurocircuits regulating food intake in response to gut inputs-preclinical evidence","volume":"13","author":"K N Browning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101070","article-title":"Nutrient sensing in the nucleus of the solitary tract mediates non-aversive suppression of feeding via inhibition of AgRP neurons","volume":"42","author":"A H Tsang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00987-z","article-title":"Reciprocal activity of AgRP and POMC neurons governs coordinated control of feeding and metabolism","volume":"6","author":"A J De Solis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.03.006","article-title":"Vagal sensory neurons and gut-brain signaling","volume":"62","author":"C D Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000264402","article-title":"Brainstem integrative function in the central nervous system control of food intake","volume":"63","author":"G J Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forum Nutr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn2786","article-title":"Hepatic vagal afferents convey clock-dependent signals to regulate circadian food intake","volume":"386","author":"L N Woodie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20086","article-title":"Neural connections between the hypothalamus and the liver","volume":"280","author":"N Uyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Reciprocal Innervation of the Liver: Its Significance in Metabolic Control","author":"T Shimazu","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/2101178a0","article-title":"Reciprocal influences of the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei on blood glucose level and liver glycogen content","volume":"210","author":"T Shimazu","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1975.228.6.1787","article-title":"Effects of hypothalamic stimulation on gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in rat liver","volume":"228","author":"T Shimazu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09420-1","article-title":"Amygdala-liver signalling orchestrates glycaemic responses to stress","volume":"646","author":"J RE Carty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(96)00098-7","article-title":"The afferent discharges from sensors for interleukin 1 beta in the hepatoportal system in the anesthetized rat","volume":"61","author":"A Niijima","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.12.003","article-title":"FGF21 mediates endocrine control of simple sugar intake and sweet taste preference by the liver","volume":"23","author":"S von Holstein-Rathlou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74915","article-title":"FGF21 is an endocrine signal of protein restriction","volume":"124","author":"T Laeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30020429","article-title":"Peptide with dual roles in immune and metabolic regulation: liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2)","volume":"30","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589110","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1589110","article-title":"Brain-acting hepatokines: its impact on energy balance and metabolism","volume":"19","author":"L Giovanini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.01.024","article-title":"Liver exerkine reverses aging- and Alzheimer's-related memory loss via vasculature","volume":"189","author":"G Bieri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00617","article-title":"Bile acid signaling pathways from the enterohepatic circulation to the central nervous system","volume":"11","author":"K L Mertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2024.109397","article-title":"Further evidence for blood-to-brain influx of unconjugated bile acids by passive diffusion: determination of their brain-to-serum concentration ratios in rats by LC\/MS\/MS","volume":"204","author":"T Shibuya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268865","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1268865","article-title":"Bile acid signalling and its role in anxiety disorders","volume":"14","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123967","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1123967","article-title":"Liver's influence on the brain through the action of bile acids","volume":"17","author":"X Y Yeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Review Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.128","article-title":"Why does brain metabolism not favor burning of fatty acids to provide energy? Reflections on disadvantages of the use of free fatty acids as fuel for brain","volume":"33","author":"P Sch\u00f6nfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x","article-title":"Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"H Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105650","article-title":"Brain metabolism during fasting","volume":"46","author":"O E Owen","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03168.x","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporters in the central nervous system: distribution, regulation and function","volume":"94","author":"K Pierre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6867732","article-title":"Choline and cholinergic neurons","volume":"221","author":"J K Blusztajn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008938","article-title":"The relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring Cohort","volume":"94","author":"C Poly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01142-z","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the liver-brain axis during chronic liver disease","volume":"23","author":"M Siddle","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.3.1061","article-title":"Early events in human T cell ontogeny. Phenotypic characterization and immunohistologic localization of T cell precursors in early human fetal tissues","volume":"168","author":"B F Haynes","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.5.1587.1587","article-title":"Human CD34+ fetal liver stem cells differentiate to T cells in a mouse thymic microenvironment","volume":"84","author":"J Plum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60487-3","article-title":"The development of functionally responsive T cells","volume":"51","author":"E V Rothenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/333742a0","article-title":"Tolerance in T-cell-receptor transgenic mice involves deletion of nonmature CD4+8+ thymocytes","volume":"333","author":"P Kisielow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don't see)","volume":"14","author":"L Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20001021","article-title":"Estimating the precursor frequency of naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells","volume":"195","author":"J N Blattman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-251124","article-title":"Enumeration of human antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells reveals conserved precursor frequencies","volume":"115","author":"C Alanio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102661","article-title":"The role of naive T cell precursor frequency and recruitment in dictating immune response magnitude","volume":"188","author":"M K Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1959.sp006177","article-title":"The recirculation of lymphocytes from blood to lymph in the rat","volume":"146","author":"J L Gowans","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1222","article-title":"Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes","volume":"3","author":"U H von Andrian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"44","key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211717109","article-title":"Quantification of lymph node transit times reveals differences in antigen surveillance strategies of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells","volume":"109","author":"J N Mandl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.07.040189.002305","article-title":"Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy","volume":"7","author":"D L Mueller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3405","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition","volume":"13","author":"L Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04606","article-title":"CD69 acts downstream of interferon-alpha\/beta to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs","volume":"440","author":"L R Shiow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101212","article-title":"Differentiation of effector CD4 T cell populations (*)","volume":"28","author":"J Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1869","article-title":"Tissue-tropic effector T cells: generation and targeting opportunities","volume":"6","author":"W W Agace","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.11.017","article-title":"S1P1 receptor signaling overrides retention mediated by G alpha i-coupled receptors to promote T cell egress","volume":"28","author":"T H Pham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12087","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells","volume":"255","author":"H Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3442","article-title":"The integration of T cell migration, differentiation and function","volume":"13","author":"D Masopust","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109942","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies protect aged rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2-induced immune activation and neuroinflammation","volume":"37","author":"A Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.6.1092","article-title":"Differential adhesion molecule requirements for immune surveillance and inflammatory recruitment","volume":"123","author":"M D Carrithers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.4.1940","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in lymphocyte recruitment in inflamed brain microvessels: critical roles for P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and heterotrimeric G(i)-linked receptors","volume":"168","author":"L Piccio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344214","article-title":"PSGL-1 and E\/P-selectins are essential for T-cell rolling in inflamed CNS microvessels but dispensable for initiation of EAE","volume":"44","author":"K Sathiyanadan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2008.04.003","article-title":"Cells on the run: shear-regulated integrin activation in leukocyte rolling and arrest on endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"R Alon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.07.008","article-title":"The CNS immune landscape from the viewpoint of a T cell","volume":"42","author":"S Mundt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198730","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI198730","article-title":"\u03b14 Integrin blockade impairs CD8+ T cell neuroimmune surveillance following SIV infection","volume":"136","author":"P B Pal","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903732","article-title":"Differential roles for endothelial ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1 in shear-resistant T cell arrest, polarization, and directed crawling on blood-brain barrier endothelium","volume":"185","author":"O Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-8-4","article-title":"Fluids and barriers of the CNS establish immune privilege by confining immune surveillance to a two-walled castle moat surrounding the CNS castle","volume":"8","author":"B Engelhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14432","article-title":"Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels","volume":"523","author":"A Louveau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142290","article-title":"A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules","volume":"212","author":"A Aspelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02610-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory transcriptional programs induced in rhesus pre-frontal cortex white matter during acute SHIV infection","volume":"19","author":"C E Hawes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011844","article-title":"Deep analysis of CD4 T cells in the rhesus CNS during SIV infection","volume":"19","author":"S R Elizaldi","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08478","article-title":"Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions","volume":"462","author":"I Bartholom\u00e4us","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818f9ca8","article-title":"Perivascular spaces and the two steps to neuroinflammation","volume":"67","author":"T Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051342","article-title":"Dystroglycan is selectively cleaved at the parenchymal basement membrane at sites of leukocyte extravasation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"203","author":"S Agrawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2638","article-title":"Multifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system","volume":"353","author":"J Kipnis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777210","article-title":"Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to \u201copen\u201d the blood brain barrier","volume":"6","author":"S M Stamatovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03149-13","article-title":"Enhancement of blood-brain barrier permeability and reduction of tight junction protein expression are modulated by chemokines\/cytokines induced by rabies virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Q Chai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3265","article-title":"The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system","volume":"12","author":"R M Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-004-0928-x","article-title":"Diapedesis of mononuclear cells across cerebral venules during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis leaves tight junctions intact","volume":"109","author":"H Wolburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"08","key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2657-2","article-title":"Functional impairment in alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is significant and persists over 3 years of follow-up","volume":"58","author":"C Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.139303","article-title":"Fatigue in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significant and associates with inactivity and excessive daytime sleepiness but not with liver disease severity or insulin resistance","volume":"57","author":"J L Newton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000282089","article-title":"Systemic symptoms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"28","author":"J L Newton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3446","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003446","article-title":"The presence of white matter lesions is associated with the fibrosis severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"95","author":"S Petta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002498","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with cognitive function in adults","volume":"86","author":"S W Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad352","article-title":"The presence and severity of NAFLD are associated with cognitive impairment and hippocampal damage","volume":"108","author":"Y Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3229","article-title":"Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with lower brain volume in healthy middle-aged adults in the Framingham Study","volume":"75","author":"G Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2018.06.001","article-title":"Cognitive performance in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and\/or type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"59","author":"A A Weinstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10407","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210407","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment is associated with enhanced activation of Th17 lymphocytes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"24","author":"A Fiorillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738835","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.738835","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and longitudinal cognitive changes in middle-aged and elderly adults","volume":"8","author":"Q Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0282633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282633","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cognitive impairment: A prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"M Cushman","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01498-5","article-title":"Association of MAFLD and MASLD with all-cause and cause-specific dementia: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"X Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21399-6","article-title":"The cerebellum of patients with steatohepatitis shows lymphocyte infiltration, microglial activation and loss of Purkinje and granular neurons","volume":"8","author":"T Balzano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3032","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15935","article-title":"Patients who died with steatohepatitis or liver cirrhosis show neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in hippocampus","volume":"30","author":"P Leone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaai7616","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai7616","article-title":"Type I interferon responses drive intrahepatic T cells to promote metabolic syndrome","volume":"2","author":"M Ghazarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03233-8","article-title":"Auto-aggressive CXCR6+ CD8 T cells cause liver immune pathology in NASH","volume":"592","author":"M Dudek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G211","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00040.2019","article-title":"CD8+ T cells regulate liver injury in obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"318","author":"D A Breuer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.05.047","article-title":"Blocking integrin \u03b14\u03b27-mediated CD4 T cell recruitment to the intestine and liver protects mice from western diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"73","author":"R P Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090756","article-title":"Selective targeting of \u03b14\u03b27\/MAdCAM-1 axis suppresses fibrosis progression by reducing proinflammatory T cell recruitment to the liver","volume":"13","author":"B Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748037","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction in fatty liver disease: roles of microbiota, mucosal immune system, and bile acids","volume":"42","author":"B Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26746","article-title":"IL-17 signaling accelerates the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"59","author":"I T Harley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150531153627","article-title":"IL-17 axis driven inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression","volume":"16","author":"D A Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020165","article-title":"Western diet dampens T regulatory cell function to fuel hepatic inflammation in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"15","author":"S Chaudhary","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref123","first-page":"100992","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in early experimental metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is associated with systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation","volume":"6","author":"K Kj\u00e6rgaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep Innov Hepatol"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01669-9","article-title":"From nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to neuroinflammation: the role of chronic systemic inflammation","volume":"40","author":"X Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126078","article-title":"Visceral adipose NLRP3 impairs cognition in obesity via IL-1R1 on CX3CR1+ cells","volume":"130","author":"D H Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063337","article-title":"The metabolic impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on cognitive dysfunction: a comprehensive clinical and pathophysiological review","volume":"25","author":"M Giuffr\u00e8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.02.003","article-title":"CD8+ T cells contribute to diet-induced memory deficits in aged male rats","volume":"109","author":"M J Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01659-x","article-title":"CD8 cytotoxic T-cell infiltrates and cellular damage in the hypothalamus in human obesity","volume":"11","author":"J T Ahrendsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01743-y","article-title":"Characteristics of blood-brain barrier heterogeneity between brain regions revealed by profiling vascular and perivascular cells","volume":"27","author":"S J Pfau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57918-z","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the mouse hypothalamus control immune activation and ameliorate metabolic impairments in high-calorie environments","volume":"16","author":"M Becker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94234-4","article-title":"Early stage of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease disrupts circadian rhythm and induces neuroinflammation in rats","volume":"15","author":"P-H Graindorge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03080-0","article-title":"Western diet increases brain metabolism and adaptive immune responses in a mouse model of amyloidosis","volume":"21","author":"M Poxleitner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279385","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1279385","article-title":"Transient ischemic stroke triggers sustained damage of the choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier","volume":"17","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2022.55.2.183","article-title":"Emerging role of bystander T cell activation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"55","author":"C H Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1947","article-title":"Induction of bystander T cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo","volume":"272","author":"D F Tough","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"D L Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"07","key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0403-4","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals TOX as a key regulator of CD8+ T cell persistence in chronic infection","volume":"20","author":"C Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14163","article-title":"Circulating integrin \u03b14\u03b27\n               + CD4 T cells are enriched for proliferative transcriptional programs in HIV infection","volume":"595","author":"Y S Lakshmanappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07053-9","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells populate the human brain","volume":"9","author":"J Smolders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201343469","article-title":"Identification of novel markers for mouse CD4(+) T follicular helper cells","volume":"43","author":"S S Iyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP89395","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89395","article-title":"Tailoring TFH profiles enhances antibody persistence to a clade C HIV-1 vaccine in rhesus macaques","volume":"12","author":"A Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01238-2","article-title":"Guidelines for T cell nomenclature","volume":"26","author":"D Masopust","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.005","article-title":"Intravascular staining for discrimination of vascular and tissue leukocytes","volume":"9","author":"K G Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05474-7","article-title":"Brain borders at the central stage of neuroimmunology","volume":"612","author":"J Rustenhoven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"09","key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly061","article-title":"Histological features of cerebellar neuropathology in patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"77","author":"T Balzano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0978-3","article-title":"Effectors of Th1 and Th17 cells act on astrocytes and augment their neuroinflammatory properties","volume":"14","author":"C K Prajeeth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23276","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial testing the effects of weight loss on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"K Promrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.027","article-title":"GS-0976 reduces hepatic steatosis and fibrosis markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"155","author":"R Loomba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61933-4","article-title":"Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"B A Neuschwander-Tetri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106550","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and neuroinflammation: implications for neurodegenerative disease treatment","volume":"186","author":"K O Kopp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02045-0","article-title":"Resmetirom: first approval","volume":"84","author":"S J Keam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000001539","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in MASLD: from pathogenesis to therapeutic applications","author":"B Simbrunner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31622","article-title":"Combination therapies including cilofexor and firsocostat for bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis attributable to NASH","volume":"73","author":"R Loomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2908-1230.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:39:36Z","timestamp":1790894376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2908-1230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2908-1230","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-8087","1098-8971"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-8087","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-8971","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}