{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:58:58Z","timestamp":1792810738903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","award":["http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13039\/501100003246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13039\/501100003246"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jsz6e67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endoscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\u2002Suboptimal human\u2013artificial intelligence (AI) interaction is a potential roadblock for implementation of AI in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the interaction between AI and endoscopists in the optical diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods\u2002International endoscopists were invited to diagnose colorectal lesions online. After a pretest of 15 videos, the diagnosis could be adjusted in the subsequent 35 videos after receiving a simulated AI diagnosis. Histology was the gold standard. Endoscopists\u2019 diagnoses before and after AI were compared using the signal detection theory. Inappropriate response to AI was defined as decreased diagnostic performance by the endoscopist after AI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results\u2002In 2730 diagnoses, the 78 participating endoscopists reached diagnostic accuracies of 71.4\u200a% before and 73.7\u200a% after AI (P\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001). Before AI, endoscopists missed only a few true CRCs (mean hit rate 0.86), at the cost of a mean false alarm rate of 0.35. Inappropriate response to AI was observed in 28.2\u200a% of endoscopists. After AI, most endoscopists (41.0\u200a%) shifted toward a more conservative attitude, tending to diagnose a lesion as non-CRC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions\u2002Inappropriate response to AI is an issue in human\u2013AI interaction for the optical diagnosis of CRC. Before using AI, endoscopists should become familiar with their own optical diagnostic performance, and that of the AI system, to possibly improve interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2912-9478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:45:11Z","timestamp":1783637111000},"page":"1303-1309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the human\u2013artificial intelligence interaction in optical diagnosis of early colorectal carcinoma through endoscopist responses to simulated artificial intelligence: a multinational online study"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4488-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayla","family":"Thijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands"},{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon-Michel","family":"Schreuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoo","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4363-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelien","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurjen J.","family":"Boonstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruud W. M.","family":"Schrauwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine A. M .C.","family":"Baven-Pronk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochim S.","family":"Terhaar sive Droste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wouter H.","family":"de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Hadithi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Willem A.","family":"Straathof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert J.","family":"Bulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A. J.","family":"Bastiaansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal V.","family":"Hoge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars E.","family":"Perk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Haaglanden Medical Center, Den Haag, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Groen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Jansdal Hospital, Harderwijk, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank ter","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique E.","family":"van Leerdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eveline J. A.","family":"Rondagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H. N.","family":"de With","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fren T. Y.","family":"Smulders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjorn","family":"Winkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"},{"name":"Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-9954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon M. 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