{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:16:29Z","timestamp":1788304589723,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1919B012420946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1919B012420946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sportverletz Sportschaden"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Balance and reactive performance in ball sports rely on effective visuomotor and sensorimotor integration. Although Hemsball places considerable demands on visual processing, eye\u2013hand coordination, and postural control, the acute effects of visual\u2013oculomotor training on sport-related performance remain unclear. This pilot study investigated the immediate effects of a Brock string\u2013based visual\u2013oculomotor training program on postural stability, eye\u2013hand coordination, and reactive visuomotor performance in Hemsball athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-seven Hemsball athletes (mean age: 10.22 \u00b1 0.57 years) participated in a single-group pre\u2013post intervention study. Participants completed a single session of a Brock string\u2013based visual\u2013oculomotor training that combined progressive vergence exercises with balance and lower-extremity motor tasks. Static balance (Flamingo Balance Test), eye\u2013hand coordination (Alternative Hand Wall Toss Test), and reactive visuomotor performance (Reactive 90\/90 Wall Toss Test) were assessed before and immediately after the intervention. Pre\u2013post comparisons were performed using paired-sample t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and effect sizes were reported as Cohen\u02bcs dz or r, as appropriate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Following the intervention, significant improvements were observed in static balance (p = 0.023, r = 0.436), eye\u2013hand coordination (p = 0.004, r = 0.556), the number of correct responses (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.661), and a reduction in the number of errors (p = 0.006, r = 0.524) during the Reactive 90\/90 Wall Toss Test. Mean reaction time also decreased significantly (p = 0.049, Cohen\u02bcs dz = 0.415). The largest effect was observed for response accuracy, whereas the improvement in reaction time was comparatively smaller.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Acute Brock string\u2013based visual\u2013oculomotor training was associated with improvements in postural stability, eye\u2013hand coordination, response accuracy, error rate, and reaction time in Hemsball athletes. However, given the single-group design and the absence of a control group, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Randomized controlled studies are needed to determine whether these preliminary improvements represent true intervention effects beyond practice-related and other non-specific influences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2914-2145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:45:50Z","timestamp":1788302750000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Effects of Brock String\u2013Based Visuo-Oculomotor Training on Postural Stability and Reactive Motor Performance in Athletes: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1055","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Tekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bigadi\u00e7 Vocational School, Bal\u0131kesir University, Bal\u0131kesir, T\u00fcrkiye","place":["Bigadi\u00e7"],"department":["Department of Therapy and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2042-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berat","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamukkale University: Pamukkale Universitesi, T\u00fcrkiye","place":["Denizli"],"department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7332-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melda","family":"Ko\u00e7an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamukkale University: Pamukkale Universitesi, T\u00fcrkiye","place":["Denizli"],"department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2539-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine Seray","family":"Kaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamukkale University: Pamukkale Universitesi, T\u00fcrkiye","place":["Denizli"],"department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3100-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Unver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamukkale University: Pamukkale Universitesi, T\u00fcrkiye","place":["Denizli"],"department":["Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"03","key":"ref1","first-page":"78","article-title":"The effect of 8-week hemsball training on balance, reactive agility and lower extremity strength","volume":"18","author":"O Sever","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10020139.","article-title":"Effects of a hemsball-based program on children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"D Gonz\u00e1lez-Devesa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2018.1488534.","article-title":"The effects of hemsball on the motor proficiency of students with intellectual disabilities","volume":"66","author":"M I\u015f\u0131k","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.21565\/ozelegitimdergisi.859721.","article-title":"Effect of complex exercises in hemsball on attention and coordinative skills of adolescents with hearing loss","volume":"23","author":"M I\u015f\u0131k","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ankara Univ Fac Educ Sci J Spec Educ"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.61707\/5avtes43.","article-title":"The impact of hemsball training on balance and punto scores in boccia athletes","volume":"5","author":"B \u015eim\u015fek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Relig"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1155\/NP.2005.109.","article-title":"Development of postural control in healthy children: A functional approach","volume":"12","author":"C Assaiante","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05569-2.","article-title":"Effects of neuromuscular (combined physio\u2013hemsball) training on postural control of children with intellectual disability and developmental coordination disorder","volume":"23","author":"E Balayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/52648.","article-title":"Vision training methods for sports concussion mitigation and management","volume":"99","author":"JF Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738114559701.","article-title":"Vision training methods for sports performance","volume":"7","author":"JF Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8736","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248736.","article-title":"Effects of dual-task stroboscopic visual training on balance, functional mobility, and gait in children who are hard-of-hearing: An exploratory randomized controlled study","volume":"14","author":"H G\u00f6zen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28743-7","article-title":"A pilot study investigating immediate effects of vergence training on binocular function and reaction time in youth badminton athletes","volume":"15","author":"YL Shyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153503","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm-153503.","article-title":"Effectiveness of Facial Massage and Exercise in Alleviating Visual Fatigue: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref13","first-page":"566","article-title":"Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of vision training in improving sport performance: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"S Shahrbanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.89926.","article-title":"Neurocognitive and reactive return to play testing protocol in overhead athletes following upper extremity injury","volume":"18","author":"KE Wilk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00150.","article-title":"The speed\u2013accuracy tradeoff: History, physiology, methodology, and behavior","volume":"8","author":"RP Heitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"06","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.951952.","article-title":"The role of visual perception measures used in sports vision programmes in predicting actual game performance in Division I collegiate hockey players","volume":"33","author":"D Poltavski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"S 2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii7","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl077.","article-title":"Postural orientation and equilibrium: What do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls?","volume":"35","author":"FB Horak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"03","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.3.1097.","article-title":"Sensorimotor integration in human postural control","volume":"88","author":"RJ Peterka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2008.01850.x.","article-title":"Spinal and supraspinal adaptations associated with balance training and their functional relevance","volume":"193","author":"W Taube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5539\/ies.v14n4p11.","article-title":"Effect of hemsball shooting on fine motor proficiency in hearing impaired children","volume":"14","author":"M I\u015f\u0131k","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Educ Stud"},{"issue":"05","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0999-9.","article-title":"Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning","volume":"23","author":"G Wulf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"}],"container-title":["Sportverletzung \u00b7 Sportschaden"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2914-2145.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:45:57Z","timestamp":1788302757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2914-2145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":21,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2914-2145","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0555","1439-1236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0555","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}