{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:53:14Z","timestamp":1785545594555,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"CP","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ultrasound Int Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lumbar plexus, formed by the anterior rami of T12\/L1 to L4\/L5, provides\n                        the main neural supply to the lower abdominal wall, groin, and\n                        anterior\u2013medial thigh. Its principal peripheral branches (the\n                        iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous,\n                        femoral, and obturator nerves) are clinically relevant targets for invasive\n                        diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, including nerve blocks and\n                        neuromodulatory techniques. This manual aims to describe how to visualize\n                        these six main lumbar plexus branches using ultrasound guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>For each nerve, this guide summarizes its typical anatomical course, key\n                        clinical considerations related to neuropathy or iatrogenic injury, the most\n                        relevant anatomical landmarks, recommended transducer positioning, and\n                        characteristic sonographic appearance. The text is complemented by\n                        illustrations of probe placement, schematic depictions of nerve pathways,\n                        and representative ultrasound images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This manual provides a structured ultrasound-based approach for identifying\n                        the main lumbar plexus branches in the lower abdominal wall, groin, and\n                        thigh. It details the anatomical and sonographic features that facilitate\n                        nerve recognition and supports precise probe positioning and needle guidance\n                        when these nerves are targeted in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Ultrasound guidance is encouraged when performing procedures involving lumbar\n                        plexus branches, as it may improve procedural accuracy and patient safety by\n                        enabling precise needle placement while reducing the risk of injury to\n                        adjacent non-target structures. This manual offers a practical anatomical\n                        and sonographic reference for clinicians performing ultrasound-guided\n                        interventions in this region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2920-0129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:55:37Z","timestamp":1785538537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"S","title":["A Didactic Ultrasound Manual for identifying lumbar Plexus Peripheral\n                    Nerves in the lower limb: Lower Abdominal Wall, Groin and Thigh"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Valera-Calero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursery, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Community of Madrid, Spain","place":["Madrid"],"department":["Department of Physiotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006459","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006459.PUB3","article-title":"Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks","volume":"2015","author":"S R Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15257","article-title":"The role of peripheral nerve stimulation in the era of ultrasound-guided\n                    regional anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"J C Gadsden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11152\/MU-4583","article-title":"A didactic ultrasound manual to identify peripheral nerves of the lower limb:\n                    Gluteal region","author":"J A Valera-Calero","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2013.32.4.573","article-title":"Ultrasound transducer selection in clinical imaging practice","volume":"32","author":"T L Szabo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37639-0_2","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia: Visualising the nerve and needle","volume":"1235","author":"J Bowness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0036124","article-title":"Angular spatial compounding of diffraction corrected images improves ultrasound\n                    attenuation measurements","volume":"157","author":"M Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/13\/R06","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging","volume":"51","author":"PN T Wells","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12261","article-title":"Nerve ultrasound in peripheral neuropathies: A review","volume":"25","author":"A Kerasnoudis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1590\/s0034-70942007000100012","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks","volume":"57","author":"P E Helayel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/CA.21098","article-title":"Anatomy of the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves with observations of\n                    their spinal nerve contributions","volume":"24","author":"Z Klaassen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_232_2024","article-title":"Anatomical variations of ilioinguinal nerve: A systematic review of the\n                    literature","volume":"15","author":"K Manolakos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/S00464-020-07476-W","article-title":"A study to improve identification of the retroperitoneal course of\n                    iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, femorocutaneous and genitofemoral nerves during\n                    laparoscopic triple neurectomy","volume":"35","author":"A Moreno-Egea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Ilioinguinal neuralgia. 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